Evaluation of farmers' attitude and perception toward production risk: Lessons from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province,Pakistan

The variations in farming risk are classified into three key categories: market liberalization, natural disasters such as floods or drought, and climate change. This study aims at filling the existing research gap by the assessment of risk attitude and risk perceptions toward various types of risks. Primary data of 600 respondents were collected through a structured questionnaire in four flood-prone districts namely Peshawar, Mardan, Charsadda, and Nowshera of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. Equally Likely Certainty Equivalent and risk matrix techniques were utilized in determining the risk attitude and risk perceptions among the farmers. A probit regression model was used to analyze the relationships among dependent and independent variables. Findings of the study show that majority of the farmers were risk-averse, and floods, high input prices, crop diseases, and excessive precipitation were the main risks perceived by the farmers. Results of the probit regression model indicated that age, education level, farm location, off-farm income, and access to market information were the main factors that affect the farmers' risk attitude and perceptions. The research offers essential findings that can be used by policy-makers in the farming sector and researchers to understand risk attitude and perceptions of farmers empirically.     

二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养现状调查及影响因素的Logistic回归分析

摘要 目的：调查二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养现状,并以单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析纯母乳喂养的影响因素。方法：选取2020年5~10月期间在西北妇女儿童医院妇产科住院分娩的600例二胎产妇,自行设计问卷调查其喂养方式和母乳喂养知识掌握情况,采用中文版母乳喂养态度量表评估产妇的母乳喂养态度。根据实际喂养方式将600例二胎产妇分为纯母乳喂养组和非纯母乳喂养组,以单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析纯母乳喂养的影响因素。结果：600例二胎产妇中,纯母乳喂养组470例,非纯母乳喂养组130例,纯母乳喂养占比为78.33%;423例二胎产妇母乳喂养知识评分＞20分,母乳喂养知识掌握率为70.50%;253例为积极母乳喂养态度,积极母乳喂养态度的二胎产妇占比42.17%。单因素分析结果显示,纯母乳喂养组新生儿每天吸吮次数＞8次、一胎主要为纯母乳喂养、大专及以上文化程度、家庭平均月收入＞6000元、掌握母乳喂养知识、积极母乳喂养态度的产妇比例高于非纯母乳喂养组（P<0.05）,而剖宫产、乳头凹陷、乳汁分泌不足的产妇比例低于非纯母乳喂养组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,剖宫产、乳头凹陷、乳汁分泌不足、新生儿每天吸吮次数≤8次、一胎主要为非纯母乳喂养、中专（高中）及以下文化程度、家庭平均月收入≤6000元、未掌握母乳喂养知识、非积极母乳喂养态度均是二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养的不利影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养现状处于中等偏上水平,其影响因素包括分娩方式、乳头凹陷、乳汁分泌情况等,临床应结合相关影响因素针对性干预以提高产妇纯母乳喂养率。     

Knowledge and attitude of elderly persons towards dental implants

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00586.x Knowledge and attitude of elderly persons towards dental implants Background: Despite their unrivalled place in restorative treatment, dental implants are still scarcely used in elderly patients. Introduction: The aim of this survey was therefore to identify potential barriers for accepting an implant treatment. Materials and methods: Participants were recruited from a geriatric hospital, two long‐term‐care facilities and a private clinic. The final study sample comprised 92 persons, 61 women and 31 men with an average age of 81.2 ± 8.0 years. In a semi‐structured interview, the participants’ knowledge of implants and attitude towards a hypothetical treatment with dental implants were evaluated. Results: Twenty‐seven participants had never heard of dental implants, and another 13 participants could not describe them. The strongest apprehensions against implants were cost, lack of perceived necessity and old age. Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis identified being women, type and quality of denture, having little knowledge on implants and being hospitalised as the risk factors for refusing implants. However, old age as such was not associated with a negative attitude. Conclusion: The acceptance of dental implants in the elderly population might be increased by providing further information and promoting oral health in general. Regardless of the age, dental implants should be placed when patients are still in good health and live independently.     

Geriatric patient - psychological and emotional considerations during dental treatment

Objective: The world’s population is ageing rapidly with an increase in the age related diseases and disabilities. With the increase in the life span, chronic diseases play a significant role and the dental diseases are the most prevalent chronic condition. Diagnosis and treatment planning for the elderly must include considerations of the biological, psychological, social and economic status of the patient in addition to the obvious dental problems. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the psychological and emotional factors involved in the dental treatment and the methods to develop a right dental attitude. Background: Authorities in dental medicine have long recognized a relationship between psychology and dentistry and have attempted to describe the factors that require consideration during the dental therapy. The theoretical approaches are now replaced by practical approach of patient management. Materials and method: The article reviews the literature regarding the etiology for the development of psychological and emotional disturbances, factors that influence the patient’s response and methods to develop the right dental attitude. Conclusion: The dentist is concerned with the emotional and psychological state of the patient, for it is an essential component of treatment and the success of the treatment often depends on the emotional state of the patient. It is thus important for the dentist to be aware of practical‐ problem‐ oriented approach that helps in patient management and in maintaining and improving dental health as part of total healthcare services available to the elderly.     

支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素及其家长知信行问卷调查分析

摘要 目的：调查支气管哮喘患儿家长知信行情况,并分析支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素。方法：于2016年7月~2020年7月期间,选取我院收治的500例支气管哮喘患儿及其家长作为研究对象。患儿家长知信行情况采用《哮喘患儿家长知信行问卷》调查。患儿近4周的病情控制水平参照《诸福棠实用儿科学(第8版)》中的相关标准进行确定,病情控制水平包括良好控制、部分控制和未控制。将良好控制、部分控制的患儿纳为哮喘控制组,将未控制的患儿纳为哮喘未控制组。采用本院自制的调查量表调查患儿及其家长的信息,分析支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素。结果：支气管哮喘儿童家长知信行情况不容乐观。支气管哮喘患儿病情控制率为38.06%（187/491）。单因素分析结果表明,支气管哮喘患儿病情控制与家庭人均月收入、患儿个人过敏史、家长受教育程度、哮喘家族史、是否坚持长期用药、是否定期复诊有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家长受教育程度、家庭人均月收入、患儿个人过敏史、哮喘家族史、是否坚持长期用药、是否定期复诊均是支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：本研究中支气管哮喘患儿病情控制水平一般,且支气管哮喘儿童家长知信行情况不容乐观,其中家长受教育程度、家庭人均月收入、患儿个人过敏史等均是支气管哮喘患儿病情控制的影响因素,临床中应结合相关因素进行针对性的干预或治疗,以期实现对支气管哮喘患儿病情的良好控制。     

Sheep and wolves: Is the occurrence of large predators a limiting factor for sheep grazing in the Czech Carpathians?

Extensive sheep grazing in the West Carpathians is a very important management tool for the protection of the traditional landscape character of the Central European countryside, as well as providing biologically valuable habitats of pastures and meadows. In this paper we describe the main characteristics of sheep farming in the Beskydy region and test the hypothesis that large carnivores are a limiting factor for sheep grazing management of landscapes in this region, the only area of the Czech Republic where all three species of large European carnivores – the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), grey wolf (Canis lupus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) – occur. Data obtained from the monitoring of large carnivores and a questionnaire-based survey of the perspective of sheep farmers in the Beskydy region were analysed. Although the lynx is the most abundant large predator within the study area, the highest number of attacks on sheep was attributed to wolves. However, the annual frequency of attacks was very low and, moreover, an important number of the attacks could have been committed by dogs rather than wolves. From the perspective of sheep breeders, the major economic factor is a low consumer demand for sheep products, and not the presence of large carnivores. However farmers expressed a view that some level of safeguarding was needed and this should come in the form of financial compensation for damage resulting from attacks on sheep by large predators and a modification of the current system of agricultural subsidies. Subsidies for sheep breeders should respect the regional specifics including the risk arising from the presence of large carnivores and provide support for active measures to protect the livestock against them. Regarding the protection of populations of large carnivores in the Beskydy Mountains, it will be necessary to continue to monitor their presence.     

Measuring rice farmers’ risk perceptions and attitude: Evidence from Pakistan

Abstract

The agriculture sector is confronting numerous types of risk. Like other crops’ farmers, rice growers are also facing multifarious challenges, including production and environmental risk. On the one hand, they are suffering from water shortage. On the other hand, if a flood occurs, there is no proper water reservation management, especially in developing countries. Global warming is another erotic topic for agriculture sustainability. To address the growers’ perceptions and their attitudes toward such types of risks, a farm base survey was carried out, and rice farmers were investigated in Pakistan. Methods of equally likely certainty equivalent and risk matrix were applied to investigate the farmers’ risk perceptions and attitude. A probit model was also used to estimate the factors that influence farmers’ perceptions and attitudes toward risks. The outcomes of the study show that flood, input high prices, increasing temperature, and crop diseases are the perceiving risks among rice farmers. Different types of socio-economic factors are influencing farmers’ risk perceptions and their attitudes, such as age, education level, a distance of farms from rivers, and non-farm income. This study provides valuable information to the policymakers and concerning authorities to apprehend agricultural risks among rice farmers and farming sustainability, especially in developing countries.     

基于扎根理论的社区参与国家公园建设与管理的机制研究

大量研究表明自然保护地周边社区居民对保护地的态度是影响社区参与保护，实现保护地管理目标的主要因素，由此建立了"认知-态度-参与"的行为逻辑。中国国家公园体制建设希望进一步推进社区与保护地的关系，全面提升自然保护管理效率，也建立在对这一行为逻辑的认同之上。为验证社区认知与行为的关系，并为促进不同利益相关者参与国家公园建设与管理提供科学支持，研究试图分析武夷山国家公园体制试点区社区居民的国家公园的"认知-态度-参与"的行为逻辑以揭示社区参与国家公园建设与管理的深层机制。与一般研究不同在于，本研究是针对正在建设中的国家公园，使得本地利益相关方的态度有机会影响国家公园建设进程。为获得社区"认知-态度-参与"核心观念，探索社区参与的过程和方式，提出促进社区参与的方法，研究采用扎根理论这一质性研究方法，基于对本地利益相关者采用半结构化开放问题的深度访谈，归纳出概念与范畴，形成社区参与国家公园建设与管理的理论。研究首先形成45个概念与13个范畴，通过范式模型研究发现，稳定资源使用权利、引导社区参与决策、保障社区发展权利、创新社区产业模式、提高个体适应能力、降低政策风险影响等六个主范畴能够解释社区居民对国家公园的认知-态度-参与这一行为逻辑。通过归纳主范畴，研究进一步提炼出社区参与国家公园建设与管理的理论核心在于社区自然资源管理的自主性、创新性与适应性，其内在机制在于社区参与是一个自主性提高的动态过程，需要通过保障社区生计资源禀赋来实现长期的价值转化，最终使其成为社会-生态系统适应性治理的组成部分。在理论阐释基础上，研究提出从改善社区认知、提升社区参与角度推进国家公园建设的路径。研究也指出，所提出的社区参与机制理论能够提炼量化指标评价社区参与，追踪武夷山国家公园体制试点进程。