气候变化对淮河流域中上游汛期极端流量影响的SWAT模拟

致洪暴雨主要是3天以上连续强降水,是淮河流域洪涝的直接原因。构建淮河流域中上游SWAT模型,用RegCM3在SRES A2排放情景下的模拟结果(2071-2100年)驱动SWAT模型,研究气候变化对淮河流域中上游汛期极端流量的影响。结果表明:(1)在SRES A2排放情景下,淮河流域中上游未来(2071-2100年)气温升高,降水量增加,降水的空间差异增大;颖河流域中游年降水量有较大幅度的减少,呈现暖干化的趋势;汛期极端过程降水增加,汛期最大9 d降水量平均增幅都在10%以上。(2)在SRES A2排放情景下的气候变化将导致淮河流域中上游汛期极端流量大幅度增加,干流5个水文站汛期最大9 d平均流量的增幅都在20%以上。(3)淮河流域中上游极端流量的概率分布更加集中,更大的极端流量出现的频率更高,研究流域下游更容易出现较大的极端流量。(4)研究流域下游极端流量概率对极端流量变化更敏感,下游也面临着更大的洪涝风险。     

土壤增温、隔离降水及其交互作用对杉木幼苗细根生产的影响

为了揭示我国最重要的人工林树种杉木对全球变暖和降水格局改变的地下响应及其适应性,在福建省三明市陈大国有林场开展杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗土壤增温和隔离降水双因子试验,包括对照(CK)、土壤增温5℃(W)、隔离降水50%(P)和土壤增温+隔离降水(WP)4个处理,用微根管法探讨试验1a期间土壤增温、隔离降水及其交互作用对杉木幼苗细根生产量(以细根出生数量表征)的影响。双因素方差分析发现,土壤增温和隔离降水对细根总出生数量没有影响,但两者的交互作用则极显著。与CK相比,W细根总出生数量显著增加,而WP处理细根总出生数量则显著低于W处理和P处理。土壤增温、隔离降水与季节的重复测量方差分析发现,土壤增温×季节、隔离降水×季节对细根出生数量均有显著影响;与CK相比,W处理春季细根出生数量显著增加,P处理秋季细根出生数量显著增加,而WP处理夏季和冬季细根出生数量显著下降。土壤增温、隔离降水与径级的三因素方差分析表明,土壤增温×隔离降水×径级存在显著影响;0—1 mm径级细根出生数量W处理显著高于CK,但WP处理则显著低于W处理和P处理。土壤增温、隔离降水与土层的3因素方差分析表明,土壤增温、隔离降水与土层之间不存在显著的交互作用;仅在20—40 cm土层发现P处理细根出生数量显著高于CK。研究结果表明,土壤增温和隔离降水对杉木幼苗细根生产的影响存在显著的交互作用,这种交互作用还因不同的季节和径级而异。     

1982-2012年中亚地区植被时空变化特征及其与气候变化的相关分析

干旱区植被生态系统对气候变化极为敏感,并且干旱区的植被变化研究对全球碳循环具有重要意义。然而近几十年来,中亚干旱区植被对气候变化的响应机制尚不甚明朗。利用归一化植被指数NDVI数据集和MERRA（Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications）气象数据,采用经验正交函数（EOF,Empirical Orthogonal Function）和最小二乘法等方法系统分析了31a（1982-2012年）来中亚地区NDVI在不同时间尺度的时空变化特征。进一步分析和研究NDVI与气温和降水的相关性,结果表明：1982-2012年,中亚地区年NDVI总体呈现缓慢增长趋势,而1994年以后年NDVI呈现明显下降趋势,尤其在哈萨克斯坦北部草原地区下降趋势尤为突出。这可能是由于过去30年间,中亚地区降水累计量的持续减少造成的。NDVI的季节变化表明春季NDVI增长最为明显,冬季则显著下降。与平原区相比,中亚山区的NDVI值增长幅度最大,并且山区年NDVI与季节NDVI呈现显著增加趋势（P < 0.05）。中亚地区年NDVI与年降水量正相关,而年NDVI与气温变化存在弱负相关。年NDVI和气温的正相关中心在中亚南部地区,负相关中心则出现在哈萨克斯坦的西部和北部地区;NDVI和降水的相关性中心刚好与气温相反。此外,在近30年间的每年6月至9月,中亚地区NDVI与气温存在近一个月的时间延迟现象。本研究为中亚干旱区生态系统变化和中亚地区碳循环的估算提供科学依据。     

六盘山地区油松树轮宽度年表与多尺度标准化降水指数的关系

研究利用在六盘山地区采集的油松树轮样芯建立树轮宽度标准年表(STD),分别与不同长度时间单元(月、半月、旬)和多时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPIn)序列进行相关性分析。油松标准年表与不同长度时间单元SPI的相关结果显示,较小的时间单元会使相关性表达更加精确,而时间单元过小则会因为数据波动性增大而导致相关关系弱化。因此,相较于月和旬,半月是相关性分析更为合适的时间单元长度。油松标准年表与多时间尺度SPI的相关结果显示,SPI多时间尺度的特性有助于揭示油松径向生长对不同时间尺度水分状况的响应特征,且油松在不同生长时期对于不同时间尺度水分状况具有相异的响应机制。在温度较低(0℃)的冬季,短时间内的降水并不利于树木生长,而长时间良好的水分储备会为树木生长季需水提供保障;在生长季前期,长时间良好的水分状况比短期内的降水更有利于树木的生长;在生长季,补给性水分和土壤水分都对树木生长起着至关重要的作用。     

不同降水年型下长期施肥旱地小麦产量效应

以黄土高原30年长期肥料定位试验为基础,依据降水将生育年划分为干旱年、平水年和丰水年,研究不同施肥方式对黄土高原冬小麦产量、肥料贡献率和降水利用率的影响.结果表明: 小麦连续种植30年中,氮磷配施和氮磷钾配施下小麦产量、肥料贡献率和降水利用率显著高于不施肥和单施肥处理,氮磷钾配施下小麦产量、肥料贡献率和降水利用率分别达到3480 kg·hm^-2、61.45 kg·kg^-1、6.13 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2;不同降水年型下,丰水年小麦产量、肥料贡献率和降水利用率相对较高;使用逐步回归分析可知,不同降水年型下小麦产量主要受氮磷肥施用量、休闲期降水和越冬期降水影响.黄土旱塬可以通过提高氮磷用量同时适当施用钾肥,以及在休闲期做好蓄水保墒工作来提高小麦产量.     

内蒙古半干旱草原土壤水分对降水格局变化的响应

在全球气候变化背景下, 未来我国北方半干旱地区的降水格局将呈现出季节与年际间降水波动增强和极端降水事件增加的趋势。水分是半干旱草原的主要限制因子, 降水格局变化导致的土壤水分状况的改变必然对生态系统的结构和功能产生显著的影响。该研究选取内蒙古多伦和锡林浩特两个典型半干旱草原群落, 通过分析2006-2013年的降水和多层次土壤(0-10 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm和50 cm)含水量连续观测数据, 研究降水格局变化对土壤水分状况及其垂直分布的影响, 特别是土壤水分对降水事件的脉冲响应过程。结果表明: 两个站点的土壤含水量均呈现显著的季节及年际间波动, 其中土壤表层 0-10 cm水分波动更剧烈。锡林浩特50 cm处土壤含水量波动较大, 主要由于春季融雪的影响。年际间多伦和锡林浩特生长季土壤表层0-10 cm土壤含水量与降水量存在显著的正相关关系, 下层(10-50 cm)土壤含水量与降水量相关性不显著。研究发现小至2 mm的降水事件就能够引起两个站点表层0-10 cm土壤含水量的升高, 即该地区有效降水为日降水量> 2 mm。表层0-10 cm土壤含水量对独立降水事件的脉冲响应可通过指数方程很好地拟合。降水事件的大小决定了降水后表层0-10 cm土壤含水量的最大增量和持续时间, 同时这个脉冲响应过程还受到降水前土壤含水量的影响, 但该过程中并未发现植被因子(叶面积指数)的显著影响。降水后水分下渗深度及该深度的土壤含水量增量主要由降水事件的大小主导, 同时受到降水前土壤含水量的影响。在多伦和锡林浩特, 平均每增加1 mm降水, 下渗深度分别增加1.06和0.79 cm。由此作者认为, 在内蒙古半干旱草原, 降水事件大小和降水前土壤干湿状况是影响土壤水分对降水响应的主要因素, 而植被因子的影响较小。     

东江流域降水与径流演变趋势及周期特征分析

认识流域水文演变趋势和周期性规律对流域可持续发展规划具有重要的生态意义。基于1989-2011 年东江流域9 个气象站点的逐日降水数据和3 个水文代表站(龙川、河源和博罗)的日径流数据, 分别采用Mann-Kendall 趋势检验和小波分析方法对东江流域降水量和径流量变化趋势和周期特征进行了研究。结果表明1989-2011 年间东江流域年降水量和春冬季节降水量呈不显著的减少趋势, 而夏秋季节降水量有增多的趋势; 位于上、中、下游水文站点的年径流量和枯水期径流量均呈现不显著的下降趋势; 东江流域的降水和径流趋向于更加不均的时空分布特征,其周期性演变趋势的时空特征较一致; 年径流系数的变化幅度极小(Mann-Kendal 倾斜度接近0)。这项研究也将有益于位于亚热带类似的流域森林植被恢复的政策决定。     

北亚热带地带性森林土壤温室气体通量对土地利用方式改变和降水减少的响应

弄清土地利用和降水变化对林地土壤主要温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)排放通量变化的影响, 是准确评估森林土壤温室气体排放能力的重要基础。该研究以常绿落叶阔叶混交林原始林、桦木(Betula luminifera)次生林和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林为对象, 采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了3种土地利用方式(常绿落叶阔叶混交林原始林、桦木次生林和马尾松人工林)和降水减少处理状况下森林土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量排放特征, 并探讨了其环境驱动机制。研究结果表明: 原始林土壤CH₄吸收通量显著高于次生林和人工林, 次生林CH₄吸收通量显著高于人工林土壤。人工林土壤CO₂排放通量显著高于原始林和次生林土壤。次生林土壤N₂O排放通量高于原始林和人工林, 但三者间差异不显著。降水减半显著抑制了3种不同土地利用方式下林地土壤CH₄吸收通量; 降水减半处理对原始林和次生林土壤CO₂排放通量均具有显著的促进作用, 而对人工林土壤CO₂排放通量具有显著的抑制作用; 降水减半处理促进了原始林和人工林林地土壤N₂O排放而抑制了次生林林地土壤N₂O排放。原始林和次生林林地土壤CH₄吸收通量随土壤温度升高显著增加, CH₄吸收通量与土壤温度均呈显著相关关系; 原始林、次生林和人工林土壤CO₂和N₂O排放通量与土壤温度均呈显著正相关关系; 土壤湿度抑制了次生林和人工林土壤CH₄吸收通量, 其CH₄吸收通量随土壤湿度增加显著减少; 原始林土壤CO₂排放通量与土壤湿度呈显著正相关关系。自然状态下, 原始林土壤N₂O排放通量与土壤湿度呈显著正相关关系, 原始林和次生林土壤N₂O排放通量与硝态氮含量呈显著相关关系。研究结果表明全球气候变化(如降水变化)和土地利用方式的转变将对北亚热带森林林地土壤温室气体排放通量产生显著的影响。     

Characteristics of normalized difference vegetation index of biological soil crust during the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation in the Tengger Desert,Northern China

Aims Biological soil crust (hereafter crust) affects normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values in arid desert ecosystems. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of combining crust NDVI values with meteorological data to distinguish the crust successional stage at the regional scale. Meanwhile, the characteristics of crust NDVI could provide the basis for the error analysis of NDVI-based surface ecological parameters estimation in desert ecosystems. We also suggested the optimum periods for crust observation based on the multi-temporal remote sensing images.Methods NDVI values of five types of dominant crusts, three typical sand-fixing shrubs and bare sand were collected by spectrometer in the field. Crusts and shrubs were randomly selected in revegetated areas established in 1956, 1964, and 1973 at Shapotou, which is on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert. We used the space-for-time method to study the characteristics of crust NDVI values and their responses to precipitation and temperature during the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation. Additionally, we evaluated the contribution of crust NDVI values to the whole ecosystem NDVI values by comparing the NDVI values of crusts, shrubs and bare sand.Important findings 1) With succession process of the artificial sand-fixing vegetation, the crust NDVI values significantly increased. Among different crust types, we found the following order of NDVI values: Didymodon vinealis crust > Bryum argenteum crust > mixed crust > lichen crust > algae crust. 2) Crust NDVI values were significantly affected by precipitation, temperature and their interaction, and the influences showed significant seasonal differences. Furthermore, we found significantly linear correlations between crust NDVI value and precipitation, and between crust NDVI value and the shallow soil moisture content covered by crust. A significantly negative linear correlation between daily mean temperature and crust NDVI value, and a significantly exponential correlation between the surface temperature of crust and its NDVI value. With the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation, the response of crust NDVI value to precipitation and temperature became more sensitive. In addition, the response of crust NDVI value to temperature was more sensitive in spring than in summer, while that to precipitation was less sensitive in spring than in summer. 3) Moss crust NDVI value was significantly higher than that of shrubs and bare sand after the rainfall event in spring, while shrubs NDVI value was significantly higher than that of crust after the rainfall event in summer. Considering the coverage weights of different ground features in sand-fixing areas, crust NDVI values contributed 90.01% and 82.53% in spring and summer, respectively, to the regional NDVI values, which were higher than those of shrubs (9.99% and 17.47% in spring and in summer, respectively). Additionally, with the succession process of artificial sand-fixing vegetation, crust NDVI values contributed more, while shrubs contributed less to regional NDVI values.     

Responses of soil respiration with biocrust cover to water and temperature in the southeastern edge of Tengger Desert,Northwest China

Aims Soil respiration of the lands covered by biocrusts is an important component in the carbon cycle of arid, semi-arid and dry-subhumid ecosystems (drylands hereafter), and one of the key processes in the carbon cycle of drylands. However, the responses of the rate of soil respiration with biocrusts to water and temperature are uncertain in the investigations of the effects of experimental warming and precipitation patterns on CO₂ fluxes in biocrust dominated ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships of carbon release from the biocrust-soil systems with water and temperature in drylands. Methods Intact soil columns with two types of biocrusts, including moss and algae-lichen crusts, were collected in a natural vegetation area in the southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert. Open top chambers were used to simulate climate warming, and the soil respiration rate was measured under warming and non-warming treatments using an automated soil respiration system (LI-8150). Important findings Over the whole observational period (from April 2016 to July 2016), soil respiration rates varied from -0.16 to 4.69 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 for the moss crust-covered soils and from -0.21 to 5.72 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 for the algae-lichen crust-covered soils, respectively, under different rainfall events (the precipitations between 0.3-30.0 mm). The mean soil respiration rate of the moss crust-covered soils is 1.09 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, which is higher than that of the algae-lichen crust-covered soils of 0.94 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. The soil respiration rate of the two types of biocrust-covered soils showed different dynamics and spatial heterogeneities with rainfall events, and were positively correlated with precipitation. The mean soil respiration rate of the biocrust-covered soils without warming was 1.24 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, significantly higher than that with warming treatments of 0.79 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 (p < 0.05). By increasing the evaporation of soil moisture, the simulated warming impeded soil respiration. In most cases, soil temperature and soil respiration rate displayed a similar single-peak curve during the diel cycle. Our results show an approximately two hours’ lag between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and the soil respiration rate of the biocrust-covered soils during the diel cycle.