西双版纳地区热带季节雨林与橡胶林林冠水文效应比较研究

季节雨林和橡胶林是西双版纳热带森林系统中可以代表原始林和大面积种植的人工林两种林型,采用水量平衡法,利用对以上两种林分林冠水文各分量1996～2001年的观测结果,初步分析其林冠水文效应,结果表明：一年内,季节雨林林冠截留量660．6mm,树干径流量80．7mm,穿透降雨量,853．2mm,分别占同期降雨总量的41．43％、5．24％、53．74％;橡胶林林冠截留量393．5mm,树干径流量104．1mm,穿透降雨量1096．8mm,分别占同期降雨总量的24．68％、6．68％、67．85％;两种林分森林水文各分量干、雨季差异显著,在研究中还发现,季节雨林中树干径流量随径级的增大而减小,干季出现密林(季节雨林)的穿透降雨量大于疏林(橡胶林)的反常现象;与我国其他地区相比,季节雨林和橡胶林有较大的林冠截留率及干流率。     

温带两种林型对氮沉降的再分配及其生长季动态与影响因子

氮(N)沉降对森林生态系统的结构与功能具有重要的影响,而森林对到达林地的N沉降量及其分配格局的影响尚不清楚。量化了2012—2013年5—10月两个生长季蒙古栎林和杂木林的林内树干径流和穿透雨及其林外大气降雨总氮(TN)、可溶性氮(DN)和颗粒态氮(PN)沉降通量的季节动态,旨在比较两种林型对N沉降的再分配格局及其季节变化,分析影响其变异的主要因子。结果表明:林外大气降雨、蒙古栎林林内、杂木林林内(树干径流+穿透雨)TN沉降平均值分别为:8.49、15.97、13.39 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其中DN分别占其TN的76.35%、82.79%和75.02%,PN分别占其TN的26.35%、17.21%和24.98%,蒙古栎林和杂木林林内穿透雨TN沉降量分别占其TN的95.5%和94.5%。蒙古栎林和杂木林冠层淋溶TN沉降量分别为7.48kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和4.90 kg hm~(2)a~(-1);其中,前者的DN高于后者,但PN呈相反趋势。两种林型的N沉降组分具有明显的季节动态:沉降量均集中在生长季中期(6—8月),生长季前期和末期较低。林外降雨量分别与林外大气降雨、蒙古栎林和杂木林林内的树干径流和穿透雨中的TN、DN浓度呈显著负指数函数关系(P0.001)。连续降雨天数对蒙古栎林、杂木林林内TN、DN浓度的影响表现为连续降雨2 d以内为富集作用,之后为稀释作用。研究表明林冠对大气氮沉降有显著富集作用,其富集强度及时间动态与森林类型和降雨特征有关,建议氮沉降试验应考虑林冠的富集效应。     

Impact of Phytophthora agathidicida infection on canopy and forest floor plant nutrient concentrations and fluxes in a kauri‐dominated forest

Kauri dieback, caused by Phytophthora agathidicida, is a biotic disturbance that poses a recent threat to the survival of kauri (Agathis australis) forests in New Zealand. Previous studies have shown that throughfall and stemflow play an important role in the kauri forests’ internal nutrient cycle. However, the effects of P. agathidicida infection on canopy and forest floor nutrient fluxes in kauri forests remain unknown. Here, we measured throughfall, stemflow and forest floor water yield, nutrient (potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, silicon, sulfur, sodium, iron) concentrations and fluxes of ten kauri trees differing in soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration, and health status. We did not observe an effect of soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration on throughfall, stemflow, and forest floor water yield. Throughfall and forest floor nutrient concentrations and fluxes decreased (up to 50%) with increasing soil P. agathidicida DNA concentration. We found significant effects on potassium and manganese fluxes in throughfall; calcium and silicon fluxes in forest floor leachate. A decline in canopy and forest floor nutrient fluxes may result in soil nutrient imbalances, which in turn may negatively impact forest productivity and may increase the susceptibility of trees to future pathogen infection in these ecologically unique kauri forests. Given our findings and the increasing spread of Phytophthora species worldwide, research on the underlying physiological mechanisms linking dieback and plant–soil nutrient fluxes is critical.