银杏扦插繁殖试验

本文报道银杏扦插繁殖技术。采用不同插穗、机械处理、不同激素及浓度处理进行扦插繁殖试验．扦插成活率可达９０—１００％。     

Restoration management of abandoned chalk grassland in the Netherlands

After abandonment of chalk grassland in the Netherlands, Brachypodium pinnatum had become very dominant and this resulted in a dramatic decrease of plant diversity. Restoration of these abandoned sites is important, because of its former high diversity with many nationally endangered species. To restore the chalk grassland vegetation, the impact of the introduction of different experimental cutting regimes was investigated during three years. The thick litter layer and the dominance of Brachypodium was strongly reduced after introduction of all cutting regimes. In all cutting treatments forb phytomass increased considerably, especially in the twice-a-year cutting vegetation, where the forb phytomass became as high as that of Brachypodium. Phanerogamic species diversity was stimulated in all cutting regimes. Especially the number of short-lived forbs. with a persistent seed bank, increased markedly in the twice-a-year cutting treatment. It is concluded that cutting the vegetation twice is adequate to reduce the negative effects of the thick litter layer and the abundant growth of Brachypodium. It creates an appropriate starting point for more detinite management, whether mowing or grazing. However, the restoration of a more complete species assortment strongly depends on the re-invasion possibilities of these species.     

杨树拟茎点菌溃疡病的研究

本病系我国杨树新发生的一种病害。病原菌的分生孢子有2种形状,无色透明、单胞,呈纺缍形孢子大小为1.64—2.74×9.59—13.7μm。线形孢子顶端弯钩状大小为1.37—1.78×15—27.4μm。病原菌适宜生长的培养基为PDA、麦芽粉、豆饼粉培养基;温度为25—32℃和pH6—10。本病于4月下旬发病,5月中下旬分生孢子成熟,6月中下旬为分生孢子飞散高峰期。经室内采用多菌灵、甲基托布津、福美砷的200倍液浸泡插穗30、60、90分钟处理均有药害,采用100—200倍液浸泡10分钟无药害,对病害有防效。造林地幼树可采用上述药剂的100倍液进行刮破病斑涂抹,防效可达87.5％。     

Carbon distribution in grass (Festuca pratensis L.) during regrowth after cutting—utilization of stored and newly assimilated carbon

Distribution of net assimilated C in meadow fescue (Fectuca pratensi L.) was followed before and after cutting of the shoots. Plants were continuously labelled in a growth chamber with ¹⁴C-labelled CO₂ in the atmosphere from seedling to cutting and with ¹³C-labelled CO₂ in the atmosphere during regrowth after the cutting. Labelled C, both ¹⁴C and ¹³C, was determined at the end of the two growth periods in shoots, crowns, roots, soil and rhizosphere respiration. Distribution of net assimilated C followed almost the same pattern at the end of the two growth periods, i.e. at the end of the ¹⁴C- and the ¹³C-labelling periods. Shoots retained 71–73% of net assimilated C while 9% was detected in the roots and 11–14% was released from the roots, determined as labelled C in soil and as rhizosphere respiration. At the end of the 2nd growth period, after cutting and regrowth, 21% of the residual plant ¹⁴C at cutting (¹⁴C in crowns and roots) was found in the new shoot biomass. A minor part of the residual plant ¹⁴C, 12%, was lost from the plants. The decreases in ¹⁴C in crowns and roots during the regrowth period suggest that ¹⁴C in both crowns and roots was translocated to new shoot tissue. Approximately half of the total root C at the end of the regrowth period after cutting was ¹³C-labelled C and thus represents new root growth. Root death after cutting could not be determined in this experiment, since the decline in root ¹⁴C during the regrowth period may also be assigned to root respiration, root exudation and translocation to the shoots. ei]{gnH}{fnLambers} ei]{gnA C}{fnBorstlap}     

施肥和刈割对垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）、中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）和羊茅（Festuca ovina）种间竞争力的影响

试验选用青藏高原东部高寒草甸普遍存在的3种禾本科牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)以及羊茅(Festuca ovina)进行种间竞争的野外研究.通过测定3种牧草生物量的干重,对其进行方差分析并计算了相对产量总和(RYT)以及竞争率(CR).结果如下:对实验物种竞争率(CR)的分析表明垂穗披碱草的竞争力最强,中华羊茅次之,羊茅最差.施肥和刈割处理对于原来的竞争格局没有影响,即在施肥、刈割及其交互作用下3种牧草的竞争等级均是一致的.对试验物种混播的相对产量总和(RYT)的分析表明:在中华羊茅与垂穗披碱草的混播中,两种组成物种利用相同的资源,表现出相互竞争的趋势,这种趋势是非密度依赖的;垂穗披碱草和羊茅混播,在低密度时,羊茅和垂穗披硷草可以共享资源,但是随着密度增加,羊茅和垂穗披碱草表现出竞争相同资源的趋势;在中华羊茅和羊茅的混播中,二者在生长过程中能够共享资源,有相互促进的趋势,表现出共生的关系,且是非密度依赖的.     

采伐干扰对华北落叶松细根生物量空间异质性的影响

以华北落叶松天然林为研究对象,选择采伐干扰林分(样地A)和未采伐干扰林分(样地B),利用根钻法分3层(0—10cm,10—20cm,20—30cm)获取各径级细根(≤1mm、1—2mm、2—5mm3级活细根,≤2mm死亡细根)生物量数据。采用地统计学变异函数和经典统计相结合的数据分析方法对采伐干扰造成的细根生物量空间异质性的变化进行定量研究。主要研究结果如下:采伐干扰林分样地A各经级细根生物量均值减少;同一土层相同径级细根生物量样地A与样地B相比差异显著(P<0.05);不同土层的细根生物量异质性具有显著差别(P<0.05)。0—10cm土层,未采伐干扰林分≤1mm细根生物量呈现较明显的空间自相关变异,采伐干扰林分则表现为随机性变异特征,采伐干扰导致≤1mm细根生物量空间分布特征更加复杂(分维数D=1.978);10—20cm土层,采伐干扰林分各径级细根生物量异质性程度明显降低,只有未采伐干扰林分的5.4%—88.9%。20—30cm土层,未采伐干扰林分≤1mm细根生物量在较小尺度范围(<2.9m)表现出明显的空间自相关变异(结构方差比86.1%),受采伐干扰林分各径级细根生物量异质性程度只有未采伐干扰林分的8.9%—45.9%,且呈现随机性变异。各径级细根生物量空间异质性的垂直分异均表现为随土层深度的增加异质性强度明显降低。     

刈割对冬小麦再生积温需求及其籽粒产量和品质的影响

对黄土高原塬区冬小麦‘陇育216’于分蘖期、拔节期及孕穗期进行刈割处理,以不刈割为对照,测定冬小麦再生生长发育的积温需求及籽粒产量及其品质,探究刈割利用时间对冬小麦再生生长积温需求及产量构成的影响。结果表明:(1)分蘖中期(6个分蘖)前刈割利用,小麦再生各阶段的有效积温需求较对照无显著差异,在收获小麦青干草0.9～1.5t/hm2的同时,能保证籽粒、秸秆产量及其品质较对照均无显著下降;分蘖期后期(9个分蘖)及其后刈割利用,拔节至开花及成熟期的有效积温需求显著减少,尽管较分蘖期可多收获60%的青干草,但籽粒、秸秆产量较对照均显著降低。(2)通径分析发现,刈割主要通过降低再生植株高度及减少单位面积穗数而导致冬小麦籽粒减产。研究表明,为维持冬小麦再生生长节律、籽粒产量及品质形成的稳定,冬小麦刈割利用的时期应不迟于分蘖中期(6个分蘖)。     

天然林不同强度择伐后林分空间结构变化动态

基于长期跟踪复测数据,利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3个结构参数,研究了4种不同强度择伐(弱度13.O％、中度29.1％、强度45.8％、极强度67.1％)后天然林林分空间结构的变化动态.结果表明:弱度和中度择伐后林分平均混交度和大小比数呈增长趋势,强度和极强度择伐则呈下降趋势;择伐并未改变林木的空间分布格局,各样地林分均为聚集分布,中度择伐处于随机分布状态的林木数大幅增加.总的来说,弱度和中度择伐后林分空间结构正趋向优化.     

源库比改变对玉米生育后期茎鞘贮存物质含量及产量的影响

通过对吐丝授粉期两种密度条件下的两个不同类型玉米品种剪1／2叶、剪1／2穗和断1／2根的研究发现：剪叶、断根减源后植株体内可溶性糖浓度下降2．19％～38．6％,剪穗缩库后可溶性糖浓度上升23．17％～38．5％,而单株生产力降低4．1％～40．94％。试验表明：玉米产量的形成与源库关系的协调性有关。     

刈割对紫花苜蓿根系生长影响的初步分析

研究了不同刈割次数对紫花苜蓿根系发育能力的影响。结果表明：刈割抑制紫花苜蓿主根的纵向(垂直)生长,而促进其横向(直径)生长,并使紫花苜蓿侧根发生总数减少和垂直分布的总体格局向表层集中,随着刈割次数的增加,侧根集中分布在土壤表层的比例也增加;刈割使根系生物量和体积总量减少,并随着刈割次数的增加,这种减少趋势更加明显,同时在土壤中的垂直分布变浅。