老年股骨粗隆部不稳定骨折的治疗策略

目的:探讨老年患者股骨粗隆不稳定骨折的治疗方案。方法:选取近几年收治的56例老年粗隆部粉碎性不稳定骨折患者,分别采用了内固定和人工关节置换手术治疗,其中内固定36例,人工关节置换20例。结果:本组平均随访24个月,内固定组出现2例内置物断裂,再次人工关节置换,2例感染,1例清创后好转,1例取出内置物后创口方愈合;人工关节组1例术后关节脱位。术后harris评分内固定组75.6,人工关节组85.6。结论:老年患者,不同程度骨质疏松,较多都伴有不同程度的基础疾病,粗隆部粉碎骨折内置物选择及治疗难度大,人工关节置换对于功能康复及降低并发症等都有明显的优势。     

Cholinesterase enzymes in the blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Plasma pseudocholinesterase activity was about 100% higher in patients with Alzheimer's-type dementia than in similar age controls. Red cell acetylcholinesterase activity tended to be lower in patients than controls. Administration of lecithin substantially increased plasma choline levels but did not alter activity of either of the cholinesterase enzymes.     

Chemotaxonomy of Hypericum genus from Portugal: Geographical distribution and essential oils composition of Hypericum perfoliatum, Hypericum humifusum, Hypericum linarifolium and Hypericum pulchrum

The geographical distribution and analysis of the essential oils of species from three sections of Hypericum L. (Guttiferae/Clusiaceae/Hypericaceae) from Portugal are presented. Hypericum perfoliatum (section Drosocarpium) grows wild in the centre and south of Portugal; Hypericum humifusum and Hypericum linarifolium are both from section Oligostema, the former occurring throughout the country, while the second is distributed mainly in the north and centre; Hypericum pulchrum (section Taeniocarpium) is confined to the littoral north of Portugal. The essential oils were obtained by distillation–extraction, hydrodistillation and distillation in a modified Marcusson apparatus from the dried aerial parts of the different populations and were analysed by GC and GC–MS. Monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted the main fraction in all oils (43–69%, 53–85%, 28–45% and 48–65% for H. perfoliatum, H. humifusum, H. linarifolium and H. pulchrum, respectively). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2–13%, 6–18%, 21–27% and 16–18%, respectively) and a third fraction of non-terpenic compounds (20–29%, 3–16%, 2–14% and 5–11%, respectively) from the four species attained relatively high amounts in all oils. Within each species, no major differences were detected in the essential oil composition, despite the fact that different locations, phenological phases and extraction methodologies were used. Notwithstanding the dominance of α-pinene in all four species' oils, cluster and principal components analysis on the identified components showed that the range of α-pinene, β-pinene and n-nonane supported a separation of the four species. The essential oil composition of the four species showed some qualitative resemblances, which correlate well with the taxonomical classification based on morphological characters.     

Subunit specific antisera to the Escherichia coli ATP synthase: effects on ATPase activity, energy transduction, and enzyme assembly

We obtained antisera to each of the five subunits (α, β, γ, δ, and ?) of the F₁ portion of the proton-translocating ATPase from Escherichia coli (ECF₁). No cross-reaction between the antiserum to a given subunit and any of the other four subunits was observed by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion. The α antiserum reacted only with the denatured α chain. Antibodies to either subunit β or subunit γ inhibited the ATPase activity of the enzyme. The ATPase activity of the holoenzyme in the everted membrane vesicles was just as sensitive as purified ECF₁ to inhibition by the anti-β or anti-γ serum. A prolonged digestion of ECF₁ with trypsin removed intact γ from ECF₁, but did not alter the sensitivity of the ATPase to inhibition by the anti-γ serum. Proteolytic fragments were isolated from the trypsinized enzyme. They gave an immunoprecipitation band with the anti-γ serum, but none of the other subunit antisera. The antiδ serum detached ECF₁ from everted membrane vesicles and completely blocked both the ATP- and respiration-dependent pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, an energylinked membrane function. The δ antiserum had no effect on the ATPase activity of the ECF₁. The e antiserum stimulated the ATPase activity of purified ECF₁ as shown previously (P. P. Laget and J. B. Smith, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.197, 83, 1979), but strongly inhibited the holoenzyme in membrane vesicles. The α antiserum completely blocked the ATP-driven transhydrogenase. The same antiserum maximally inhibited the respiratory chain-driven reaction by only 35%. These observations indicate that the antiserum selectively affected energy transduction mediated by the ATPase. The protonmotive force generated by substrate oxidation was probably not dissipated by the ? antiserum. Adsorbing the δ or ? antiserum with everted membrane vesicles selectively removed those antibodies that reacted with membrane-bound ATPase. The adsorbed sera still reacted strongly with purified ECF₁, and prevented it from restoring ATP-dependent proton translocation in ECF₁-depleted vesicles. Therefore, it appears that more of the δ and the ? subunit is exposed in the purified ECF₁ molecule than in the membrane-bound enzyme.     

Interaction of heparin with antithrombin III and platelet factor 4: pH dependence demonstrated with a new rocket precipitin electrophoretic procedure

Only 30% of commercial heparin reacts with antithrombin III (ATIII). This study shows that the interaction is pH dependent: 100% of the heparin binds to ATIII at pH 3.0, 30% at physiological pH. Binding of ATIII, platelet factor 4, and protamine to heparin was studied using a new rocket precipitin electrophoresis procedure, adapted from the Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis procedure. Protamine is incorporated into agarose gel, and heparin mixtures with protamine, ATIII, or platelet factor 4 electrophoresed into the gel from a series of wells. The residual free heparin is precipitated by the protamine in a rocket-shaped arc, the height of which is proportional to the amount of free heparin. No antibody is employed. This procedure is useful for quantitation of heparin and for studying the binding of heparin to proteins.     

An assay specific for the active form of liver phosphorylase kinase

An assay specific for the active form of liver phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.1.38) has been developed utilizing inhibition of the inactive form of phosphorylase kinase by β-glycerophos, phate and ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid. Following in vitro activation the results compared favorably with those obtained using a less specific assay previously available. (J. R. Vandenheede, S. Keppens, and H. DeWulf, 1977, Biochim. Biophys. Acta.481, 463–470;D. D. Doorneweerd, A. W. H. Tan, and F. Q. Nuttall, 1978, Diabetes27, 474). The in vitro activation of phosphorylase kinase was not associated with the formation of a small-molecular-weight form of the enzyme. The utility of the assay in monitoring in vivo interconversion reactions in response to various physiological stimuli was demonstrated.     

Suppressor factor from tumor-allosensitized spleen cells--its effect on in vitro proliferation of tumor cells and in vivo skin allograft survival

C57BL/6 mice are sensitized ip with allogeneic P-815 mastocytoma cells. Fifteen days later the spleen cells of the sensitized mice are used in the production of suppressor factor or treated with mitomycin and used as suppressor cells. Sensitized spleen cells incubated with the specific alloantigen (DBA/2 m-treated spleen cells) release suppressor factor (SF)² which inhibits cell proliferation in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as well as the in vitro generation of cytotoxic cells (CML). SF is most effective when added eary during MLC. SF also inhibits mitogen responsiveness of normal spleen cells. In addition to inhibiting lymphocyte function in vitro, suppressor cells as well as SF inhibit the in vitro proliferation of tumor cells. This inhibition is specific for the tumor to which the suppressor cells are induced. The inhibition of tumor cell proliferation is not due to the presence of cytotoxic cells in the spleen of the tumor-allosensitized mice. Suppressor cells from neonatal mice do not inhibit the in vitro proliferation of tumor cells. SF injected iv into C57BL/6 mice decreases the mixed lymphocyte reactivity of the host spleen cells and decreases the ability of the host to reject skin allografts. We interpret these data to suggest that tumor-allosensitized spleen cells, and the SF they produce, not only affect lymphocyte function but also inhibit tumor cell proliferation. This dual effect of suppressor cells could be an important part of the immune surveillance against tumors.     

Effect of oculomotor and trigeminal nerve section on the ultrastructure of different myoneural junctions in the rat extraocular muscles

Summary The intramuscular nerves and myoneural junctions in the rat rectus superior, medialis and inferior muscles from 10 hours to about 10 days after section of the trigeminal and oculomotor nerves were studied with the electron microscope. Two different kinds of myoneural junctions are to be observed; one type derives from myelinated nerves and is similar to the ordinary myoneural junctions (motor end plates) of other striated skeletal muscles, while the other type derives from unmyelinated nerves, is smaller in size and has many myoneural synapses distributed along a single extrafusal muscle fibre.Section of the trigeminal nerve caused no changes in the myoneural synapses. After section of the oculomotor nerve degenerative changes occur in both the myelinated and unmyelinated nerves and in both types of myoneural junctions. In the axon terminals of both the myelinated and unmyelinated nerves the earliest changes are to be observed 10 to 15 hours after section of the nerve. First, swelling of the axoplasm, fragmentation of microtubules and microfilaments and swelling of mitochondria takes place, somewhat later agglutination of the axonal vesicles and mitochondria. The axon terminals are separated from the postsynaptic muscle membrane by hypertrophied teloglial cells about 24 hours after section of the nerve. The debris of the axon terminals is usually digested by the teloglial cells within 42 to 48 hours in both types of myoneural junction.Changes in the postsynaptic membrane are observed in the myoneural junctions of the unmyelinated nerves as disappearance of the already earlier irregular infoldings, whereas no changes take place in the infoldings of the motor end plates. The postsynaptic sarcoplasm and its ribosomal content increase somewhat.The earliest changes occur along unmyelinated axons 10 to 15 hours and along myelinated axons 15 to 24 hours after nerve section. The unmyelinated axons are usually totally digested within 48 hours, whereas the myelinated axons took between 48 hours and 4 days to disappear. The degeneration, fragmentation and digestion of the myelin sheath begin between 24 and 42 hours and still continues 10 days after the operation.The results demonstrate that in the three muscles studied structures underlying the physiologically well known double innervation of the extraoccular muscles are all part of the oculomotor system.We are grateful to Professor Antti Telkkä, M. D. Head of the Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Helsinki, for permission to use the facilities of the laboratory.     

Heat and chill requirements of Fraxinus flowering in Galicia (NW Spain)

Fraxinus pollen data from eight Galician localities (1999-2003), recorded using 7-day Lanzoni VPPS pollen traps, were studied to determine their temporal and spatial distribution. The determination of the chill and heat required to trigger flowering and the start cumulative date were calculated using ten years of pollen data from Ourense. The sum of maximum temperatures from the 55 days before the peak date showed the lowest standard deviation coefficient and the mean quantity of accumulated heat was 741. Temperatures below 0°C and/or rainfall at the beginning of flowering caused a longer period before the peak date was registered. Temperatures recorded in November were very important for chill accumulation and determine the heat requirement needed to trigger Fraxinus flowering in Galicia.