中国中华白海豚的研究和保护现状

本文对中国中华白海豚的形态、分类、种群数量及分布、濒危状况及原因和保护现状进行了综述分析,指出中国境内的中华白海豚的保护形势依然严峻,仍需要加强保护措施.     

广西桂平市鳄蜥种群及栖息地现状的分析研究

2004年7月,对广西桂平市鳄蜥种群及其栖息地进行了调查,并首次采用量化指标对鳄蜥栖息的回水塘进行了分析。结果表明：桂平市鳄蜥分布区已破碎成白沙坑、牛头坳和黄凉冲、大藤峡碧滩段三个片段,分布区面积从58．39km^2减小至16．14km^2。鳄蜥种群数量约为150只。通过主成分分析发现,鳄蜥栖息回水塘的长度、宽度、水深、塘底组成、水温、栖枝类型和栖枝高度是影响鳄蜥选择回水塘的主要因子,而海拔、栖枝直径、水流速度的影响不大。鳄蜥倾向栖息于常绿阔叶林生境中,对溪沟的坡向和沟型选择不明显。     

上海市凤眼莲种群的时空分布及控制对策

凤眼莲是上海市水体中危害最严重的入侵种之一.本研究调查了上海市及所辖各区县凤眼莲种群的分布现状,结果表明,凤眼莲在各区县水体中分布不均,以与江、浙两省相接的区县危害最严重.河道内其它水生植物的分布是凤眼莲固着生长的主要机制,这些植物主要为：喜旱莲子草、菰、芦苇、牛筋草、千金子等.凤眼莲的种群爆发规律：每年3～5月为萌芽阶段,7月下旬为爆发起始时期,8月中下旬至12月上旬为爆发的高峰期,12月下旬开始枯萎死亡,但其腋芽能够存活越冬,是来年爆发的种源.上游漂移而来的凤眼莲是种群爆发的另一因素.有鉴于此,提出其控制措施：①最佳打捞季节为12月～翌年6月,以去除种源为目标;②加强与周边省份的协调合作;③开展生物防治的研究;④清理河道内及堤岸上的水生杂草.以上措施的综合施用是控制上海市凤眼莲的有力保障.     

水稻籽粒淀粉分支酶活性的遗传分析

用由247个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系群体及其含207个分子标记的连锁图谱,在2002年和2003年分别测定亲本和重组自交系群体开花后10 d和20 d籽粒的淀粉分支酶的活性,检测到3个控制开花后10 d Q酶活性的主效应QTL(qnantitative trait loci),联合贡献率为10%,其中qQ10-6与环境发生显著的互作;分别检测到5对和2对染色体区间对开花后10 d、20 d Q酶活性的影响具有加性×加性上位性作用,其中开花后10 d的3对染色体区间具有显著的上位性×环境互作效应.由此可见,水稻籽粒Q酶活性相关基因的表达,受到环境因子的极大影响.     

硝酸盐供应对玉米侧根生长的影响

以两个玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系478和Wu312为研究材料,采用琼脂培养方法,研究不同浓度NO-3对侧根生长的影响.结果表明,在外部浓度0.01～1.0mmol/L范围内,NO-3供应能显著增加侧根的长度及根生物量.但当NO-3供应超过1.0 mmo1/L后,侧根长度开始下降.当NO-3供应分别在超过5.0(Wu312)与10(478)mmol/L后,侧根密度显著下降.在10 mmol/LNO-3下,Wu312的侧根生长几乎完全被抑制.而478在20 mmol/L时,侧根密度仍可达到其最大值的30%(主根)～50%(胚根).植株地上部全氮及硝酸盐含量随NO-3供应的增加而升高,二者与侧根长度、侧根密度及冠根比的数学函数关系相同.     

Population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis （Diptera： Tephritidae） in the Kunming area,southwestern China

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel （Diptera： Tephritidae） were studied through pheromone trapping over 4 years （1997, 1999, 2000, 2003） in the Kunming region, a high plateau area in southwestern China. B. dorsalis immigrates from southern Yunnan to Kunming each year, and occurs during early May through November. Annual trap captures recorded an increase in the B. dorsalis populations from May to July, when they peaked in abundance, and a decline until November. No flies were detected from November to April. The fruit flies had two generations. There was considerable overlapping due to the continuous arrival of immigrating flies during the summer months. Annual capture rates were significantly related to numbers of flies caught in July when peak captures were recorded; whereas the peak captures, in turn, positively depended on numbers of flies recorded in May, the first month of fly appearance in the current year. It suggested that the annual population abundance was mainly dependent on the size of the initial emigrating population. A daily average temperature of 18℃ was probably the threshold temperature required for the flies to undertake long-range dispersal, which partially explained the start of the fly in May each year on this high plateau. Under field conditions, the fruit flies can withstand 13℃ as a daily average temperature. No flies were recorded in any of the study years at a daily temperature colder than 10 ℃.     

Spatial heterogeneity and population risk analysis of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, in China

In this study, semivariance was used to quantitatively measure the spatial heterogeneity for the egg population of cotton bollworm during a growing season. The typical characteristic parameters of theoretical semivariance models against lag distances were applied to measure components of spatial heterogeneity： trend, range, spatial dependence, and the strength of spatial dependence. Then, kriging interpolation was used to evaluate the population risk of cotton bollworm exceeding economic thresholds. From early June through early September, the population densities were sampled 10 times in the study field. Results showed that the spatial patterns were related to population density. For its low-density population, the spatially heterogeneous trends were usually of spherical shapes; but for highdensity ones, the trends shifted to Gaussian shapes. The spatial dependence appeared at varied distances ranging from 52 meters to 936 meters, and the spatial dependence was in the range of 0.39-288.60, which changed with population densities. While having high heterogeneity, the strength of spatial dependence became much stronger. Results of population risk analysis showed that there was a high risk during its early stages, especially in mid-June. In August, population risk was so low that it did not need to be controlled.     

Impact of cotton planting date and nitrogen fertilization on Bemisia argentifolii populations

The silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) is a widely distributed pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and the population levels may be affected by rates of nitrogen fertilization and planting date. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of cotton planting date and nitrogen fertilization on silverleaf whitefly population dynamics. Cotton was planted on 26 April and 8 June, for the early and late plantings, respectively. Nitrogen treatments consisted of soil applications of 0, 112, 168 and 224 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The population levels of adult whiteflies were much higher on early-planted cotton than on late planting. Also, increased numbers of adult whiteflies on both early and late plantings occurred with increasing amounts of applied nitrogen.Applied nitrogen increased seed cotton yields of early plantings but had no effect on the yields of late plantings.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨果实空间分布及其数量特性的研究

胡杨、灰叶胡杨种间比较,果穗、种子在树冠上的垂直分布均表现为树冠上层最多,中层居中,下层最少,树冠南北侧相比较,南侧果穗量多于北侧.单果种子量在树冠各层次上差异不显著.胡杨单果重是灰叶胡杨的2.68倍,千粒重是灰叶胡杨的1.33倍,单果种子量是灰叶胡杨的2.14倍,单株种子量是灰叶胡杨的1.28倍,而单株果实量灰叶胡杨是胡杨的1.59倍.同一个种不同居群间比较,胡杨、灰叶胡杨均是单株果穗数和果穗果实数各居群间都存在差异,胡杨各居群间单果重、单果种子量差异不显著,而灰叶胡杨各居群间单果重及单果种子量差异极显著.表明胡杨在物质和能量上对后代的投资能力强于灰叶胡杨,生殖策略是通过较高的单果种子量来保证一定数量的单株种子量;而灰叶胡杨单果种子量较低,却是通过较高的单株果量来保证单株种子量,并且较小的种子占据空间生态位的潜能较胡杨占优势.     

构巢曲霉菌基因组中的数量可变重复序列的组成和分布

利用已经公布的构巢曲霉菌基因组测序结果,对该真菌已测序基因组(30．1Mb)中的数量可变重复(VNTR)序列进行了较为系统、全面地分析。结果表明,在已经公布的基因组序列中,共有4837个以1—6个核苷酸为基序的VNTR序列(长度大于15bp,匹配值大于80％),其碱基总数占整个基因组碱基数的0．31％,平均6．2kb碱基中分布有一个大于15bp的VNTR。其中数量最多的五碱基VNTR。数量达到1386个,其次为六碱基VNTR(1228个),三碱基VNTR(1199个),这3种VNTR总数达3813个,占VNTR总数的78．8％。数量最少的是二碱基VNTR,只有144个。在9541个开放阅读框架(ORF)中的VNTR总数为1683个,共分布于1356个0RF中。其中只有1个VNTR的ORF为1117个。与其他生物内VNTR的分布类似,在基因编码区中,以三碱基VNTR和六碱基VNTR占绝对优势,在阅读框架中的VNTR中分别占到58．0％和52．9％。编码区的三碱基、六碱基VNTR分别为该菌基因组中相应VNTR总数的约44．4％和38．6％。由于编码区的碱基数占基因组碱基数的59．3％,所以这两种长度的VNTR在编码区中的密度略低于基因组中的平均密度。在编码区上下游300bp调控区,除在编码区数量较多的三碱基VNTR和六碱基VNTR外,其他各种长度的VNTR的比例都超过了10％。可见300bp的上下游调控区域是单碱基、二碱基、四碱基、五碱基VNTR的富集区。在上游区域中,单碱基、二碱基和四碱基VNTR的比例比下游区域中多,五碱基VNTR的数量则基本一致。