退耕还林还草工程对陕北地区生态系统服务价值时空演变的影响

基于陕北地区1990、2000、2015年土地利用数据，运用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子法、格网法、探索性空间数据法（ESDA），分析了退耕还林还草工程实施前后生态系统服务价值（ESV）的空间分布和演化规律，探讨了退耕还林还草工程对ESV的影响。结果表明：（1）陕北地区退耕还林还草工程实施效果显著，工程实施后共有297066.15 hm2耕地转化为林地和草地，林草覆盖率由57.33%增长至60.50%。（2）退耕还林还草工程使得陕北地区ESV得到了显著提升。25年间陕北地区ESV共增加了32.82亿元，ESV在工程实施后比工程实施前多增加了5.93亿元，增长主要源于退耕引起林地和草地面积的增加。（3）ESV空间分布上呈显著的“南高北低”分布格局，并表现出正向的集聚性和依存性，ESV热点区和冷点区集聚效果明显，热点区集聚与林地、草地的空间分布相吻合，冷点区集聚与未利用地、耕地和建设用地的空间分布相吻合。（4）受退耕还林还草工程影响，陕北地区中部中等等级和次高ESV分布区域逐渐增大、次热点区空间集聚性逐渐增强，北部次低等级和低等级ESV分布区域逐渐减少、冷点区空间集聚性逐渐减弱。整体而言，陕北地区土地利用类型转移和ESV的增减变化与推行退耕还林还草工程在时间上相呼应、在空间上相匹配，退耕还林还草工程实施使得陕北地区生态环境得到了有效改善，ESV得到了显著提升。     

The RAF family：an expanding network of post—traslational controls and protein—protein interactions

Protein kinase RAF is strategically located in the “Ras-MAP-kinase signal transduction pathway“,a principle system which transmits signals from growth factor receptors to the nucleus,resulting in cell proliferation.Growth factor responses are mediated in part by activation of Ras,which in turn activates RAF to phosphorylate MEK,its downstream substrate.MEK activates MAPkinase to in fluence nuclear events.it is clear.however,that a network of signals other than those carred by Ras plays a role in RAF regulation.These orthogonal influences are mediated bu:serine/threonine kinases,tyrosine kinases,and protein-protein interactions.As a further complication to the RAF network,three isoforms of RAF have been established which have divergent N-terminal regulatory domains,Whereas these divergent regulatory domains implicate isoform-specific functions,no clear evidence or hypothesis for distinct functions for individual isoforms has been presented.Recently,“isoform-specific protein interactions“have been identified among numerous proteins interacting with RAF,These studies may serve to delineate independent functions for RAF isoforms.