基于小孢子培养创制的青梗菜四倍体鉴定与利用

以通过小孢子培养获得的青梗菜小孢子植株自交后代群体为试材,利用形态学鉴定、流式细胞仪鉴定和根尖染色体计数法筛选四倍体,选择优良的四倍体株系配制杂交组合,通过品种比较试验、营养品质和耐抽薹性分析筛选优良杂交组合。结果表明:(1)从232株青梗菜小孢子植株自交后代群体中共鉴定出76个四倍体纯系,四倍体比率达到32.76%,并以"自交系间杂种"的四倍体频率最高;这些四倍体品系表现出生长健壮、主茎变粗、花器官变大、自交结实率降低等特征。(2)利用11个自交结实率较高、园艺学性状优良的四倍体株系配制15个杂交组合,大部分杂交组合具有显著的杂种优势。(3)四倍体青梗菜植株的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均比二倍体显著增加,而有机酸、粗纤维含量则明显降低,且大部分有较强的耐抽薹性。(4)四倍体杂交组合‘T11×T10’园艺学性状优良、杂种优势强、营养成分含量高、耐抽薹,产量分别显著高于二倍体对照‘青梗菜5号’和‘青梗菜9号’40.93%和32.37%,是一个商品性状优异的四倍体青梗菜杂交组合。     

Research advances in animal distant hybridization

Distant hybridization refers to crosses between two different species or higher-ranking taxa that enables interspecific genome transfer and leads to changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the resulting progeny. If progeny derived from distant hybridization are bisexual and fertile, they can form a hybrid lineage through self-mating, with major implications for evolutionary biology, genetics, and breeding. Here, we review and summarize the published literature, and present our results on fish distant hybridization. Relevant problems involving distant hybridization between orders, families, subfamilies, genera, and species of animals are introduced and discussed, with an additional focus on fish distant hybrid lineages, genetic variation, patterns, and applications. Our review serves as a useful reference for evolutionary biology research and animal genetic breeding.     

Haplotype reconstruction in connected tetraploid F1 populations

In diploid species, many multiparental populations have been developed to increase genetic diversity and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping resolution. In these populations, haplotype reconstruction has been used as a standard practice to increase the power of QTL detection in comparison with the marker-based association analysis. However, such software tools for polyploid species are few and limited to a single biparental F1 population. In this study, a statistical framework for haplotype reconstruction has been developed and implemented in the software PolyOrigin for connected tetraploid F1 populations with shared parents, regardless of the number of parents or mating design. Given a genetic or physical map of markers, PolyOrigin first phases parental genotypes, then refines the input marker map, and finally reconstructs offspring haplotypes. PolyOrigin can utilize single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data coming from arrays or from sequence-based genotyping; in the latter case, bi-allelic read counts can be used (and are preferred) as input data to minimize the influence of genotype calling errors at low depth. With extensive simulation we show that PolyOrigin is robust to the errors in the input genotypic data and marker map. It works well for various population designs with ≥30 offspring per parent and for sequences with read depth as low as 10x. PolyOrigin was further evaluated using an autotetraploid potato dataset with a 3 × 3 half-diallel mating design. In conclusion, PolyOrigin opens up exciting new possibilities for haplotype analysis in tetraploid breeding populations.     

Stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in murine erythroleukemia cells by low molecular weight ketones,aldehydes, acids,alcohols and ethers

The effects of short chain (C1-C5) aldehydes, ketones, acids, alcohols and ethers on murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells were examined to determine which particular chemical moieties and some of their combinations stimulated hemoglobin synthesis in these cells. The C4 series of compounds was active at lower concentrations than homologs of shorter chain lengths. Within an homologous series the potency and efficacy of the alcohol was always less than that of the acid and aldehyde compounds. Though heptanoic acid was found to be an inducer of hemoglobin synthesis in MEL cells, the 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid analog is a potent inhibitor of hemoglobin synthesis. Analysis of porphyrin content of MEL cells incubated with the inducers 2-butanone, 2-methoxyethanol, acetone and methanol, showed that increased hemoglobin synthesis was always accompanied by the accumulation of porphyrins, most of which was protoporphyrin. These studies suggest that low molecular weight ketones, aldehydes, acids, ethers and alcohols can correct the defect in erythroid differentiation exhibited by MEL cells and they further suggest that the physiological trigger for inducing hemoglobin synthesis in these cells is less discriminating than previously recognized.     

热休克诱导虹鳟四倍体

虹鳟卵受精后5—9小时期间,用热休克处理,12月龄时检查,四倍体出现频率为5％。较高的温度处理可导致卵的高死亡率。2n=60的虹鳟核型中,有中部和亚中部着丝点染色体22对,近端着丝点染色体1对,端部着丝点染色体7对,总臂数NF=104。4n=120的虹鳟四倍体核型中,有22套中部和亚中部着丝点染色体,1套近端着丝点染色体,和7套端部着丝点染色体,总臂数NF=208。未发现有染色体倍性镶嵌的个体。分析比较了二倍体和四倍体两类鱼的红细胞及其核的9个度量值(DNA相对含量,细胞及核的长轴、短轴,面积和体积),为应用红细胞鉴定四倍体虹鳟提供了倍性标准。在形态、解剖和生长速度方面未发现两类鱼有什么差别。     

干旱胁迫下四倍体刺槐幼苗水分利用效率及稳定碳同位素组成的研究

在模拟自然干旱的条件下,测定2个四倍体刺槐品种(K2、K3)和普通二倍体刺槐(K1)一年生组培苗的长期和瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C),以探讨四倍体刺槐的抗旱机理.结果表明,K2、K3的长期水分利用效率(WUEL)在不同水分胁迫条件下都显著高于K1,它们在同等供水条件下比K1具有更大的生物量产出;3个材料叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEI)均随干旱胁迫的加剧表现先升后降的趋势,且胁迫处理均高于适宜水分处理.随水分胁迫的加剧,各品种刺槐苗木叶片的δ13C显著升高;K2、K3的δ13C在各水分条件下均高于K1;各材料叶片的δ13C与其WUEL有良好的正相关性,可以作为筛选高WUE刺槐品种的指标.     

Microsatellite markers for the tetraploid halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. (Chenopodiaceae) and cross-species amplification in related taxa

We developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the tetraploid halophyte Suaeda maritima (Chenopodiaceae). Population genetic parameters were estimated for three populations from different habitats (coastal and inland), using the program Tetrasat. Between two and 15 alleles per locus were observed. Mean expected heterozygosities (H(E) ) and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices (H') per locus and population ranged from zero to 0.852, and from zero to 2.990, respectively. The two inland populations were less diverse than the coastal one at most of the loci. All markers cross-amplified in the closely related Suaeda salsa, and all but one were transferable to Suaeda spicata and Suaeda salinaria.     

四倍体刺槐无性系K2和K3的组织培养

1997年,北京林业大学从韩国引进了具有速生和饲料用途的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)四倍体优良无性系,目前已在全国各省区试推广.与普通刺槐相比,四倍体刺槐具有叶大、速生等优点,且较普通刺槐有更强的适应性,耐干旱、贫瘠、烟尘及盐碱能力强,成林快,是水土保持、防风固沙及退耕还林的良好树种,可作为西北地区造林的先锋树种.