茉莉酸调控花药开裂的研究进展

茉莉酸(JA)是广泛存在于植物中的生长调节物质,JA及其衍生物茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)在植物生命活动中起着重要作用。JA参与调控雄蕊发育,影响花药开裂,从而影响植物育性。就JA的生物合成及相关基因的表达调控、JA在植物花药发育尤其是后期花药开裂过程中相关基因以及信号转导的分子机制研究进行回顾总结,并对JA调控花药开裂的分子机理研究提出展望。     

水稻花粉发育的分子机理

水稻的小孢子母细胞在花粉囊中进行减数分裂产生小孢子,小孢子进一步发育成花粉粒。当花粉成熟时,花粉粒从花粉囊中释放出来进行受精。分子生物学的研究已经发现了一些参与这一过程的基因,包括控制花粉囊组织的分化、小孢子母细胞的减数分裂、小孢子的发育和花药的开裂等。本文旨在总结水稻花粉发育过程及其调控分子机制的研究进展。     

植物花药开裂的细胞学和分子生物学机制

植物花药开裂具有重要的生物学意义,花药开裂异常所导致的最直接后果为花粉粒不能正常散粉,影响到植物受精过程。现从细胞和分子生物学角度综述了植物花药开裂过程中花药组织的细胞结构和生理变化及调控花药开裂相关基因的分离和克隆。     

拟南芥角果发育和开裂的调控机制及在油菜育种中的应用

十字花科芸苔属甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)在角果发育成熟过程中,因角果开裂种子散落引起产量损失最低达20%左右,最高可达50%左右。模式植物拟南芥在角果形态和开裂机制方面与甘蓝型油菜具有相似性,角果开裂主要与果瓣、胎座框和果瓣边缘层的细胞发育有关。通过对拟南芥角果发育期间基因对果瓣、胎座框和果瓣边缘层的识别和发育进行综述,明确了拟南芥角果发育和开裂的基因调控机制,提出了从模式植物到大田作物甘蓝型油菜抗裂角育种的新策略。     

功能雄性不育茄子差异基因及代谢途径分析

以茄子功能雄性不育系 (S13) 和可育系 (F142) 为材料,对花蕾不同发育时期的细胞学特征进行观察,发现S13花药中环形细胞簇的解体时期比F142延迟2 d,开花当天F142的裂口组织及内绒毡层的细胞解体,而S13中无此现象发生。转录组测序分析表明,F142和S13开花前8天、5天和开花当天的花药共有1 436个差异表达基因 (DEGs) (651个表达上调,785个表达下调)。GO显著性分析表明差异基因主要富集在生物学过程中涉及单细胞生物过程、代谢过程和细胞过程的单基因簇 (Unigene) 较多,分子功能中涉及较多的有催化活性和结合功能;KEGG注释发现,差异基因主要富集在次生代谢产物的生物合成、代谢途径、内质网蛋白质加工、氨基酸的生物合成、碳代谢和植物激素信号转导。选取16 465个基因进行加权基因共表达网络构建分析 (Weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA),共鉴定到15个基因共表达模块,其中3个为S13在3个花蕾发育时期高度相关特异性模块 (Plum2、Royalblue和Bisque4模块);KEGG富集表明,特异性模块可以富集到苯丙烷类生物合成、光合作用、卟啉与叶绿素代谢、α-亚麻酸代谢、多糖的生物合成和代谢、脂肪酸降解以及戊糖与葡萄糖醛酸的相互转化等相关通路,这些基因可能在S13花蕾发育过程中发挥重要作用。研究结果为进一步探索茄子花药开裂机制提供了一定的参考。     

Light Effects on the Style Curvature and Anther Dehiscenceof Alpinia mutica (Zingiberaceae)

We studied the light effects on style curvature and anther dehiscence of Alpinia mutica. The results showed that light did not change the style movement directions of cata morph, neither the anther opening time. The first style curvature of ana morph moved downwards in darkness, and moved upwards in light.Meanwhile, the anther did not dehisce in darkness, but dehisced in light. The second style curvature of ana morph depended on the light condition of first curvature. If kept in darkness all the time after first downward curvature, the styles did not move upwards and the anther did not dehisce. If first curvature occurred in light, the styles curved downwards both in darkness and light conditions. This research indicated that under different light conditions the combinations of style and anther states in two morphs made the stigma untouch the pollen from the same flower and therefore guaranteed the herkogamy and dichogamy. Although the behavior of style and anther in two morphs were similar, the mechanisms that regulated these behavior were different.     

Sequence,expression divergence,and complementation of homologous <Emphasis Type="Italic">ALCATRAZ</Emphasis> loci in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis>

The genomic era provides new perspectives in understanding polyploidy evolution, mostly on the genome-wide scale. In this paper, we show the sequence and expression divergence between the homologous ALCATRAZ (ALC) loci in Brassica napus, responsible for silique dehiscence. We cloned two homologous ALC loci, namely BnaC.ALC.a and BnaA.ALC.a in B. napus. Driven by the 35S promoter, both the loci complemented to the alc mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana, yet only the expression of BnaC.ALC.a was detectable in the siliques of B. napus. Sequence alignment indicated that BnaC.ALC.a and BolC.ALC.a, or BnaA.ALC.a and BraA.ALC.a, possess a high level of similarity. The understanding of the sequence and expression divergence among homologous loci of a gene is of due importance for an effective gene manipulation and TILLING (or ECOTILLING) analysis for the allelic DNA variation at a given locus. S. Hua and I. H. Shamsi contributed equally to this work.     

京白梨花药开裂异常的解剖学研究

比较研究了京白梨(Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.)、鸭梨、雪花梨花药开裂特性、环境条件对花药开裂的影响以及花药开裂异常的解剖学结构,结果表明:(1)京白梨花药开裂率明显低于鸭梨和雪花梨,使其产生花粉的量较少,从而导致传粉能力较弱.(2)京白梨、鸭梨、雪花梨在环境温度为25℃,相对湿度在 60%～80%时最适宜花药开裂,但京白梨花药开裂率始终低于鸭梨和雪花梨.(3)在京白梨花药发育后期不能形成开裂腔是引起花药不开裂的主要原因,而导致开裂腔不能形成的原因可能与单核期的绒毡层细胞不退化和药室内壁细胞不进行'U'字型加厚有关.     

耐热水稻品种“Nagina 22”高温胁迫下的生理响应

为研究耐热水稻品种Nagina 22(N22)开花结实期高温胁迫下的主要生理响应,采用温室盆栽试验,在各供试材料的开花期,利用人工气候室进行高温胁迫处理。研究结果表明:N22在高温胁迫下不改变开花期但表现出日开花量的转峰;与N22相比,水稻感热品种Moroberekan花药开裂显著受阻,柱头上萌发的花粉数显著减少;花粉萌发数与花药开裂状况呈极显著的相关关系,进而表现出主穗结实率与柱头上花粉萌发数呈显著的相关关系;主穗日结实率在高温下呈递减趋势,且Moroberekan较N22的下降速率显著加快,表明耐热品种与高温胁迫对结实率存在累积效应,而且高温胁迫效应发生在开花授粉之前。     

A RING‐type E3 ligase controls anther dehiscence by activating the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway gene DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 in Arabidopsis

Suppression of expression of DAF [DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 (DAD1)‐Activating Factor], a gene that encodes a putative RING‐finger E3 ligase protein, causes non‐dehiscence of the anthers, alters pollen development and causes sterility in 35S:DAF RNAi/antisense Arabidopsis plants. This mutant phenotype correlates with the suppression of DAF but not with expression of the two most closely related genes, DAFL1/2. The expression of DAD1 was significantly reduced in 35S:DAF RNAi/antisense plants, and complementation with 35S:DAF did not rescue the dad1 mutant, indicating that DAF acts upstream of DAD1 in jasmonic acid biosynthesis. This assumption is supported by the finding that 35S:DAF RNAi/antisense plants showed a similar cellular basis for anther dehiscence to that found in dad1 mutants, and that external application of jasmonic acid rescued the anther non‐dehiscence and pollen defects in 35S:DAF antisense flowers. We further demonstrate that DAF is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and that its activity is abolished by C132S and H137Y mutations in its RING motif. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the dominant‐negative C132S or H137Y mutations causes similar indehiscence of anthers and reduction in DAD1 expression in transgenic Arabidopsis. This result not only confirms that DAF controls anther dehiscence by positively regulating the expression of DAD1 in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway, but also supports the notion that DAF functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and that the conserved RING‐finger region is required for its activity.