山西省健康人群的肠道菌群组成特征

目的探索山西省健康人群的肠道菌群组成特征及性别和年龄对肠道菌群组成的影响。方法应用16S rRNA基因测序技术,对山西省99名健康个体的粪便细菌DNA进行测序分析。结果山西省健康人群的肠道菌群在属水平分为两个集群,相对丰度最高的分别是拟杆菌属和普氏菌属;在区分这两个集群中,拟杆菌属与普氏菌属的曲线下面积（AUC）分别是0.97、1.00。男性组与女性组的物种丰富度（richness）和多样性（diversity）差异都无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析（PCoA）图显示两组人群的样本分布没有明显分离（相似性分析：r=-0.0296,P>0.05）,LEfSe分析显示与性别分组有关的细菌很少。30-39岁、40-49岁和50-59岁三组人群的物种丰富度和多样性差异都无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,基于Bray-Curtis距离的PCoA图显示三组人群的样本分布没有明显分离（相似性分析：r=0.0109,P>0.05）,LEfSe分析显示几乎没有与年龄分组有关的细菌。结论山西省健康人群的肠道菌群更倾向分为两种肠型（拟杆菌型和普氏菌型）。性别对肠道菌群组成可能没有显著影响,30-59岁人群的肠道菌群组成比较稳定     

1 830例女性阴道炎患者阴道微生态调查

目的调查分析本地区阴道炎患者的阴道微生态状况。方法回顾性分析我院2017年1月至2017年12月妇科门诊就诊的1 830例阴道炎患者阴道菌群分布,并探讨阴道菌群分布与年龄、季节以及复发性阴道炎之间的关系。结果 1 830例患者中菌群正常者547例(29.89%),细菌性阴道病(BV)319例(17.43%),阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)331例(18.09%),滴虫性阴道炎(TV)13例(0.71%),混合性阴道炎(MCVI)94例(5.14%)。共有90例(4.92%)患者在治疗后复发,混合感染者复发率最高(10.64%)。阴道菌群异常者的年龄主要集中于30～40岁(73.00%)和41～50岁(76.06%),混合性阴道炎、VVC和BV主要集中于30～40岁和41～50岁的患者。秋冬季患者菌群异常的检出率高于春夏季,春季BV检出率最高,秋季VVC和菌群抑制检出率最高。结论阴道炎患者阴道菌群分布既可表现为正常,也可表现为失调状态,其中混合性阴道炎最容易复发。不同年龄段,不同季节患者阴道菌群分布不同。     

麻雀幼鸟和成鸟逃逸距离的比较

逃逸是鸟类常用的反捕食手段。自然选择会优化鸟类的逃逸距离,以便在躲避被捕食风险和保持能量之间做出权衡。理论模型预测动物个体可依据期望寿命来调整自身的行为：期望寿命短的个体倾向于风险偏好,即逃逸距离短;而期望寿命长的个体倾向于风险回避,即逃逸距离长。同时,逃逸距离还受到外部因素（如人为干扰强度、鸟类群体大小）的影响。本研究在北京城区收集了麻雀（Passer montanus）145只成鸟和75只幼鸟的逃逸距离数据,发现麻雀成鸟比幼鸟有着更长的逃逸距离,且成鸟更可能是群体中首先逃逸的个体。此外,研究发现麻雀的逃逸距离随着人为干扰强度的增加而降低,随着群体大小增加而增加。本研究结果符合理论预期：存活率高的类群（成鸟）有着更长的逃逸距离。     

Biochronological framework for the late Galerian and early-middle Aurelian Mammal Ages of peninsular Italy

Following a recent chronostratigraphic revision of 17 fossiliferous sites hosting assemblages constituting local faunas of the Aurelian Mammal Age for peninsular Italy, we provide a re-structured biochronological framework and discuss the current validity and significance of the middle Pleistocene Faunal Units (FU) for this region. Contrasting with the previous model of a wide faunal renewal during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9 (∼ 330 ka), the First Occurrences (FO) of several species of the Torre in Pietra FU are significantly backdated and referred to the Fontana Ranuccio FU (530–400 ka). We show that the faunal renewal was more gradual and occurred earlier than previously assumed. Many taxa that are typical of the late Pleistocene register their FO in the Fontana Ranuccio FU, latest Galerian, which is characterized by the almost total disappearance of Villafranchian taxa and by the persistence of typical Galerian taxa such as Dama clactoniana, Bison schoetensacki and Ursus deningeri, and by the FO of Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, S. hemitoechus, Hippopotamus amphibius, Cervus elaphus eostepahnoceros, Ursus spelaeus, Canis lupus, and Vulpes vulpes. The next Torre in Pietra FU is characterized only by the FO of Megaloceros giganteus and Mustela putorius. However, we observe that MIS 9 marks the actual moment when the faunal assemblages of this region are represented only by those taxa characterizing the late middle Pleistocene and late Pleistocene. For this reason, we propose to still consider the Torre in Pietra (lower levels) local fauna as a conventional boundary for the Galerian-Aurelian transition. Finally, we remark that the strong faunal renewal in MIS 13, with five FOs, coincides with the temperate climatic conditions due to the absence of marked glacial periods that could have favored the FO and the subsequent spread of these taxa.     

Age, Growth Rates, Sex Change and Feeding Habits of Notothenioid Fish Eleginops Maclovinus from the Central-southern Chilean Coast

The róbalo, Eleginops maclovinus, a protandrous hermaphrodite species, is an important component of the ichthyofauna in the coastal areas and estuaries of southern Chile. However, there are many aspects about its life history that are unknown. Three hundred and eighty-three specimens of E. maclovinus (19–79 cm total length, TL) were collected between November 2002 and December 2003 from central-southern Chile. Marginal increment analysis from sagittal otoliths showed a single annual minimum in March, demonstrating that a single growth ring is formed each year. The growth of E. maclovinus was described by the von Bertalanffy growth model by following parameters: L _∞ = 105.4 cm TL, K = 0.08 per year, and t ₀ = −1.03 years. E. maclovinus can live for 10 years. The length and age at which the 50% of the males in the population transformed into females was estimated at ~36 cm TL and ~5-years old. A total of 27 prey items were identified. The most important prey items were the crustaceans Hemigrapsus crenulatus and Emerita analoga associated with estuarial and marine habitats respectively. Ontogenetic changes in the diet were related to the spatial distributional pattern of males (1–4 years old, in the estuary) and females (5–8 years old, in the sea). Also, diet changes are associated with the type of available prey in each habitat occupied, indicating a generalized opportunist strategy.     

Analysis of variability in vertebral morphology and growth ring counts in two Carcharhinid sharks

Inter- and intra-regional variations in vertebrae morphology and growth increment counts (band counts) were analyzed for two carcharhinid shark species, Carcharhinus plumbeus (n = 10) and C. limbatus (n = 11). Five sequential vertebrae were removed from the cervical region, above the branchial chamber and posterior to the chondrocrainium, and thoracic region, below the first dorsal fin. Dorsal–ventral height, medial–lateral breadth, and caudal–cranial length were measured for each sampled vertebra. Results indicate no significant difference in vertebral morphology within a sampled region of the vertebral column. However, a significant difference in vertebral morphology was noted between regions for both shark species, with thoracic vertebrae consistently larger than cervical vertebrae. A sub-set of three vertebrae was taken from each sampled region of each shark for sectioning and counting of growth increments. Analyses of growth increment counts by two readers indicated no significant difference in band counts within and between sampled regions.     

Age and growth of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in Hawaiian waters through vertebral analysis

Age and growth estimates were determined for the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, from Oahu, Hawaii in the central Pacific Ocean. Age estimates were obtained through vertebral centra analysis of 187 sharks. We verified our age estimates through marginal increment analysis of centra and oxytetracycline marking methods of at liberty sandbar sharks. Sizes of sampled sharks ranged from 46 to 147 cm pre-caudal length. Four growth models were fitted to length-at-age data; two forms of the von Bertalanffy growth model, the Gompertz growth model, and a logistic growth model. Males and females exhibited statistically significant differences in growth, indicating that females grow slower and attain larger sizes than males. Growth parameter estimates revealed slower growth rates than previously estimated (based on captive specimens) for Hawaiian sandbar sharks. The von Bertalanffy growth model using empirical length-at-birth provided the best biological and statistical fit to the data. This model gave parameter estimates of L _∞ = 138.5 cm PCL and k = 0.12 year⁻¹ for males and L _∞ = 152.8 cm PCL, k = 0.10 year⁻¹ for females. Male and female sandbar sharks mature at approximately 8 and 10 years of age, respectively.     

甘肃东大山自然保护区岩羊生态行为的初步观察

2004年7月和8月,通过样线调查、野外直接跟踪观察和瞬间取样的方法,对东大山自然保护区岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)的种群结构和生态行为进行了初步研究。在观察到的720只岩羊中,719只组成了50个群,最大的群82只,最小的群2只,平均群大小(14.38±15.83)只(n=50)。雌雄性比为1∶0.63,成年雌体、亚成体和幼体之比是1∶0.4∶0.24。岩羊的昼间活动中,上午和下午各有一个瞬间觅食高峰,分别在6:30时和15:30时,中午有一段较长时间的休息期。通过对一个46只岩羊群连续12 d的野外跟踪观察,发现该岩羊群昼间的活动范围基本上在1.47 km2内。对152个自然死亡的雄性岩羊头骨的分析表明,东大山雄性岩羊的自然死亡年龄在7.5~11.5龄,其中9.5龄是其自然死亡的高峰。     

Genetic Variation in the Endangered Endemic Species Cycas fairylakea (Cycadaceae) in China and Implications for Conservation

Cycas fairylakea is an endangered endemic species in China. Genetic diversity within and among four natural populations of this species in China was investigated using amplified fragments length polymorphism (AFLP). A moderate to low level of intraspecific genetic diversity was detected in this species (at population level: P = 39.57 %, H₀ = 0.244; at species level: P = 60.22%, H₀ = 0.356). The among-population component accounted for, respectively, 25.7 and 31.5% of the genetic variation, according to AMOVA and Shannon’s index, indicating most of the genetic variation was found between individuals within populations. All four populations have opposite pyramid age structure, and few coning individuals, which is still decreasing. Possibly because of habitat degradation and environmental pollution, plant diseases and insect pests in the populations were extremely serious, suggesting that the main factors threatening the survival of C. fairylakea populations were not genetic variation, but human activities and the breeding system of this species.     

西安市某医院成人与儿童血清25羟基维生素D水平的研究

目的:比较西安市某医院不同年龄段的成人与儿童血清25羟基维生素D(25-OH-VD)水平,并探讨其水平与年龄之间的关系。方法:收集2017年1月-2018年1月西安高新医院检测血清25-OH-VD的2116例样本,比较成人与儿童血清中25-OH-VD水平的差异,分析成人与儿童血清中25-OH-VD水平与年龄之间的关系。结果:儿童组健康人群、低水平人群血清25-OH-VD水平均高于成人组(P0.05);儿童组健康人群、低水平人群血清25-OH-VD水平与年龄呈负相关(P0.05),成人组健康人群血清25-OH-VD水平与年龄呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:西安市某医院的儿童血清25-OH-VD水平高于成人,且成人与儿童的血清25-OH-VD水平与年龄存在一定的关系,有必要建立不同的参考区间,为临床诊治提供更精确的依据。