黄海鱼类寄生角形虫属粘孢子虫一新种及四新纪录(粘体门,粘孢子纲,双壳目)

报道了角形虫属CeratomyxaTh啨ｌｏｈａｎ ,1892 1新种和中国 4新纪录 :黄海角形虫C .huanghaiensissp.nov .,狭窄角形虫C .angustaMeglitsch ,196 0 ,倾斜角形虫C .declivisMeglistch ,196 0 ,川鲽角形虫C .platichthytis(Fujita ,192 3)Schulman ,196 6及镰状角形虫C .drepanopsettaeAwerinzew ,190 8,并对各角形虫的生境、感染率等作了描述。     

Spatial patterns of correlated scale size and scale color in relation to color pattern elements in butterfly wings

Complex butterfly wing color patterns are coordinated throughout a wing by unknown mechanisms that provide undifferentiated immature scale cells with positional information for scale color. Because there is a reasonable level of correspondence between the color pattern element and scale size at least in Junonia orithya and Junonia oenone, a single morphogenic signal may contain positional information for both color and size. However, this color–size relationship has not been demonstrated in other species of the family Nymphalidae. Here, we investigated the distribution patterns of scale size in relation to color pattern elements on the hindwings of the peacock pansy butterfly Junonia almana, together with other nymphalid butterflies, Vanessa indica and Danaus chrysippus. In these species, we observed a general decrease in scale size from the basal to the distal areas, although the size gradient was small in D. chrysippus. Scales of dark color in color pattern elements, including eyespot black rings, parafocal elements, and submarginal bands, were larger than those of their surroundings. Within an eyespot, the largest scales were found at the focal white area, although there were exceptional cases. Similarly, ectopic eyespots that were induced by physical damage on the J. almana background area had larger scales than in the surrounding area. These results are consistent with the previous finding that scale color and size coordinate to form color pattern elements. We propose a ploidy hypothesis to explain the color–size relationship in which the putative morphogenic signal induces the polyploidization (genome amplification) of immature scale cells and that the degrees of ploidy (gene dosage) determine scale color and scale size simultaneously in butterfly wings.