Allozyme Diversity and Population Structure in Korean Populations of Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae)

Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae). Mean observed population heterozygosity (H _op=0.181), expected heterozygosity (H _eP=0.240), and total genetic diversity (H _T =0.351) were all higher than average values for species with similar life-history characteristics. A considerable deficit of heterozygotes relative to Hardy–Weinberg expectations was detected (77% of fixation indices were positive) with a mean F _IS of 0.278. On average, 90% of the total genetic diversity was found within populations (mean G _ST = 0.098). An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=2.30, calculated from G _ST , Nm=8.48, calculated from the frequencies of unique alleles) indicated that gene flow has been extensive in C. goeringii. Results of a spatial autocorrelation analysis based on allele frequencies of 16 populations revealed a trend with respect to the distance classes (0<63 km, six significant positive values; beyond that distance, 12 significant negative values). It is highly probable that C. goeringii has a history of relative large, continuous populations that had greater chance for gene movement among adjacent populations via large numbers of small seeds, following the last Ice Age. Factors contributing to the high levels of genetic diversity found within populations of C. goeringii include its large and continuous populations, its long-lived perennial habit, its widespread geographical distribution, and its ability for relatively long distance seed movement by wind. Received 18 June 1998/ Accepted in revised form 18 November 1998     

Pollination biology of Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) in China

The genus Cymbidium comprises three subgenera with ca. 50 species. Interactions between pollinators and plants have been studied in the two subgenera Cymbidium and Cyperorchis, but only a few studies in the subgenus Jensoa have been reported. Here we report on the reproductive characteristics of C. goeringii (in sub-genus Jensoa) in three populations in the southwest of Hunan Province, China, during the winter from December 2005 to March 2006. Floral phenological and morphological features, behavior of visitors, the breeding system, and fruit sets under natural conditions were studied. The flowers of C. goeringii were strongly fragrant, but did not present any rewards to the visitors. The flowering period of C. goeringii in the studied populations lasted about 40 days, and most flowers (about 60%) opened within 30 days. Flowers opened immediately when temperature increased obviously and reached to about 16 ℃. The flowering time of the pollinated flowers, unpollinated flow-ers and the flowers with pollinarium removed were similar. Two bees of Apidae, Apis cerana cerana (honeybee) and Anthophora melanognatha, were observed visiting flowers of C. goeringii, but only the honeybees performed as pollinators. The honeybees mostly visited the orchid flowers at 10:00–17:00 on sunny days with temperature above 10 ℃. A total of only thirteen visits were observed during 20 days of observation, indicating pollinators were rare. Honeybees directly landed on the upper surface of the labellum and inserted their heads into the flowers between column and labellum, while the hind legs trod on the surface of the curved downward mid-lobe of label-lum. When a honeybee landed on the labellum of a flower, the labellum moved up and down slightly. After the honeybee entered the flower further, its head might touch the foot of the column. At this time, the body of the honeybee was parallel with the upper surface of the labellum. Then the honeybee used its front legs to scratch on the callus ridges on the upper surface of the labellum, and its hind legs hooked the edges of the side lobe of label-lum, trying to exit forcibly from the flower. During exiting process, sometimes the honeybee’s body was arched owing to tension. In this case, the surface of the scutellum came into close contact with the viscidium and then pollinaria, together with the anther cap, were removed. When this honeybee visited next flower, the pollinaria would be adhered to the stigma when it arched its body during the exiting process. Three plant species flowered synchronously with C. goeringii in the studied areas, but their flowers were different with C. goeringii in color or shape. Because C. goeringii is rewardless to pollinators, the flowers probably attract visitors by olfactory stimu-lus. Breeding system experiments showed no spontaneous autogamy and pollination success relying on pollinators in C. goeringii. Artificial pollination resulted in 90% fruit set by induced autogamy, 100% by pollinating within clone, and 100% by xenogamous pollination, respectively. These results indicate that C. goeringii is highly self-compatible and the fruit production is pollen limited. Because pollinators are essential for fruit set of C. goeringii in natural habitats, protection of wild honeybee populations or apiculture is likely a simple but effective strategy to maintain the orchid populations.     

大花蕙兰生产中常见病虫害及其防治措施

本文介绍大花蕙兰生产中常见病害(疫病、软腐病、根腐病、炭疽病、叶枯病、毒素病等)和虫害(介壳虫类、粉虱、螨虫类、蚜虫、蟑螂等)的为害特征及防治方法。     

杂交兰ChCAO基因的克隆及其在叶艺品系中的表达特征

【目的】叶绿素酸酯a加氧酶（CAO）是叶绿素b形成过程中的关键酶,为探究CAO基因在杂交兰叶艺形成中的调控作用,并为进一步研究杂交兰叶艺形成机理提供重要依据。【方法】该研究以杂交兰‘紫妍氏’（K21）及其叶艺品系‘中透紫妍氏’（K21-3）为试验材料,运用RT-PCR和RACE技术从叶片中克隆获得ChCAO基因;对ChCAO进行结构特征、理化性质、序列比对以及系统进化关系等分析;并利用qRT-PCR法对ChCAO在不同组织及叶艺品系叶片中的表达特性进行分析。【结果】结果表明,ChCAO基因编码区长1 608 bp,编码535个氨基酸,ChCAO与墨兰CAO亲缘关系最近,并与其他兰科植物CAO聚为一类。qRT-PCR结果显示,ChCAO基因表达具有组织特异性,在叶中相对表达量最高,根中相对表达量最低;此外,ChCAO在K21绿叶和K21-3绿叶区域叶片中的相对表达量显著高于K21-3叶艺区域叶片中的相对表达量。构建该基因的VIGS沉默载体转化烟草,发现沉默ChCAO后烟草叶片呈黄化状态,叶片中的叶绿素含量及ChCAO基因的相对表达量也显著降低,由此推测ChCAO基因的沉默表达可能导致叶绿素含量降低,叶片黄化,初步明确了杂交兰ChCAO基因的功能。     

CygoSTK基因在普通春兰与奇花品种‘天彭牡丹''中的表达比较

为深入研究春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)与春兰奇花品种花器官发育调控的分子机制,该研究采用同源克隆的方法,分别从普通的春兰与春兰奇花品种‘天彭牡丹’的花芽中克隆得到1个cDNA长849 bp D类MADS-box基因CygoSTK(Genbank登录号为MH917912.1)。结果表明:该基因序列在两种春兰中高度一致,包含1个长705 bp的完整ORF,编码1个由234个氨基酸残基组成的STK进化系MADS-box转录因子;结构分析表明,CygoSTK转录因子包含1个高度保守的MADS结构域(MADS domain)(1～57)和1个次级保守的K结构域(91～172),其C末端的转录激活区含有两个高度保守的基序,即AGI基序和AGⅡ基序;进一步用qPCR检测CygoSTK基因在普通的春兰与春兰奇花品种‘天彭牡丹’不同花器官中的相对表达量发现,CygoSTK基因在普通的春兰和春兰‘天彭牡丹’子房中的表达量最高,显著高于该基因在相应品种其他花器官中的表达量(LSD,P0.05)。以上结果说明CygoSTK基因在功能上有很强的保守性,主要参与春兰子房的发育。     

Argonaute 5 family proteins play crucial roles in the defence against Cymbidium mosaic virus and Odontoglossum ringspot virus in Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana

The orchid industry faces severe threats from diseases caused by viruses. Argonaute proteins (AGOs) have been shown to be the major components in the antiviral defence systems through RNA silencing in many model plants. However, the roles of AGOs in orchids against viral infections have not been analysed comprehensively. In this study, Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana was chosen as the representative to analyse the AGOs (PaAGOs) involved in the defence against two major viruses of orchids, Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). A total of 11 PaAGOs were identified from the expression profile analyses of these PaAGOs in P. aphrodite subsp. formosana singly or doubly infected with CymMV and/or ORSV. PaAGO5b was found to be the only one highly induced. Results from overexpression of individual PaAGO5 family genes revealed that PaAGO5a and PaAGO5b play central roles in the antiviral defence mechanisms of P. aphrodite subsp. formosana. Furthermore, a virus-induced gene silencing vector based on Foxtail mosaic virus was developed to corroborate the function of PaAGO5s. The results confirmed their importance in the defences against CymMV and ORSV. Our findings may provide useful information for the breeding of traits for resistance or tolerance to CymMV or ORSV infections in Phalaenopsis orchids.     

Genetic diversity of wild Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae) populations from Hubei based on Inter-simple sequence repeats analysis

Cymbidium goeringii is a diploid and nonrewarding,bumblebee-pollinated species,which is distributed in China,Japan and Korea Peninsula.This species is now highly endangered due to the mass collection and forest clearance in China.In the present study,we investigated the distribution of genetic variation within and between eleven populations of Cymbidium goeringii in central China by using Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers.Eleven primers produced a total of 127 clear and reproducible bands of which 112 were polymorphic.High genetic diversity was detected in Cymbidium goeringii for both population level (P = 63.1%;He = 0.194 5) and species level (P = 88.2%;He = 0.262 8).A higher level of genetic differentiation was detected among populations (GST = 0.244 0,FST = 0.220 7)with Nei's Gsr analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA),and no correlation was found between geographical and genetic distance.Genetic drift rather than gene flow played an important role in forming the present population structure of Cymbidium goeringii.Limited gene flow among populations and gene drift increase the extinction risk of local populations.Some conservation concerns are therefore discussed together with possible strategies for implementing in situ and ex situ conservation.     

47个建兰品种的SRAP遗传多样性分析

为了揭示建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,为建兰种质资源的有效利用和开发提供依据,本研究采用SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)分子标记技术对来自四川、台湾、广东的47个建兰品种的遗传多样性进行分析,应用NYSYS软件对SRAP-PCR结果进行聚类分析。结果从88对引物中筛选获得12对特异性强、稳定性好的引物进行SRAP分析,共扩增出188条带纹,其中147条为多态性位点,平均每组引物扩增出12条多态性带。聚类分析表明,47个品种可以分为4个类群:第Ⅰ群由来自四川的3个品种组成;第Ⅱ群的23个品种中有18个来自四川、3个来自广东、2个来自台湾;第Ⅲ群的12个品种中有11个品种源于台湾,1个源于四川;第Ⅳ群仅有1个来自四川,其他品种均来自台湾。结果表明,由于人工驯化,造成了建兰品种遗传背景的混乱,而SRAP分子标记技术能有效地分析建兰品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。     

莲瓣王捧瓣与舌瓣SSH文库构建及EST序列分析

为了探索兰花舌瓣形成的分子机制,本研究利用消减抑制杂交技术构建了莲瓣王（Cymbidium lianpan Tang et Wang）捧瓣与舌瓣间的cDNA文库。对正向文库中随机挑选的147个阳性克隆测序,组装、拼接,找到37个唯一序列,其中包含25个单一序列和12个拼接序列。经同源性比对,这些EST分别归类于蛋白质折叠,结合、未知功能、应激反应、光合作用、转录调控、信号传导、生物合成、新陈代谢、MADS等10类。通过对MADS-box基因的系统进化树分析,可初步推测MADS-Contig1和MADS-Contig2属于A类基因中的SQUA-like亚家族基因。     

大花蕙兰四倍体的离体诱导和鉴定

采用组织培养方法研究了秋水仙素处理对大花蕙兰类原球茎增殖、分化和四倍体诱导的效应.结果表明,秋水仙素处理明显抑制类原球茎的增殖和分化,提高类原球茎褐变率和死亡率;在试验浓度和时间范围内,秋水仙素浓度越高,处理时间越长,抑制作用越强,解除抑制作用所需的继代次数越多.所有秋水仙素处理均能诱导出四倍体,但不同处理的四倍体诱导率不同,当处理浓度为0.05%、时间为5 d时,四倍体诱导率最高,为23.7%.二倍体及其四倍体的气孔保卫细胞长度和气孔密度均存在极显著的差异.四倍体植株比二倍体矮,茎部较粗壮,株型紧凑,叶片颜色浓绿、质地变硬.秋水仙素处理和组织培养相结合是创建大花蕙兰多倍体的有效方法.