虾虎鱼类线粒体全基因组序列结构特征分析及系统发育关系探讨

虾虎鱼类体态变异大、体型小、种类多, 形态鉴定及谱系分类较为困难。为深入开展虾虎鱼类的鉴定、分类及遗传进化等研究, 文章对已获得的26种虾虎鱼线粒体全基因组进行分析。结果发现, 虾虎鱼类线粒体基因组的基因组成及排列模式与大多数脊椎动物线粒体基因组特征基本一致; 由于不同物种的控制区存在不同数量的重复序列而导致基因组序列长度存在明显的差异; 26种虾虎鱼线粒体全基因组序列及不同基因中A+T的含量均超过50%, 并存在碱基G偏倚现象。基于37个编码基因序列, 利用Kimura双参数法计算遗传距离, 发现矛尾刺虾虎鱼与斑尾刺虾虎鱼、斑纹舌虾虎鱼与钝吻舌虾虎鱼分别为同种异名。通过对26种虾虎鱼线粒体基因组控制区序列的比较, 识别了终止结合序列区、中央保守区及保守序列区。利用26种虾虎鱼线粒体基因组的36个编码基因序列构建系统发育树, 发现部分聚类结果不同于传统的形态学分类方式, 虾虎鱼科中的5个亚科出现了明显的分化, 近盲虾虎鱼亚科、背眼虾虎鱼亚科、瓢虾虎鱼亚科亲缘关系较近而聚成一大支, 然后与拟虾虎鱼亚科种类形成姐妹类群, 虾虎鱼亚科与其它的4个亚科亲缘关系较远, 单独成为一个类群。根据分子钟估算结果推测虾虎鱼科物种可能起源于始新世晚期至渐新世时段, 在中新世进一步分化为具有现代表征的虾虎鱼种类。     

海洋微塑料污染的生态效应研究进展

海洋微塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题。微塑料粒径小,易与海洋生物发生相互作用,可通过多种途径进入海洋生物体内,并在其组织和器官中蓄积和转移,对机体产生毒害。微塑料可沿食物链进行传递,威胁海洋生态系统的健康与稳定。因此,海洋生物与微塑料的相互作用以及海洋微塑料污染的生态效应成为当前研究的热点。综述微塑料的生物附着、生物摄入、对海洋生物的毒性效应及其与化学污染物的复合毒性效应研究的基础上,提出未来微塑料生态效应研究应重点关注我国海洋环境中微塑料的污染现状及生物摄入状况、微塑料的生物效应及其毒理学机制研究、微塑料与其他污染物的复合效应、以及微塑料在海洋生态系统中的作用及其生物地球化学行为等。     

浙江五峙山列岛黄嘴白鹭的巢位选择研究

黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes)是全球性受威胁鸟类。2005年7月, 我们在浙江五峙山列岛对黄嘴白鹭的巢位选择进行了研究, 共测量了74个巢。研究发现, 在0.99 hm2的馒头山小岛上, 黄嘴白鹭的巢呈聚集性分布, 平均巢间距为119.6 cm, 最小巢间距为15 cm。黄嘴白鹭对巢位具有明显的选择性, 优先选择在灌丛, 尤其是那些相对较高的灌丛(高于50 cm)下营巢, 其次是较低的灌木(低于64 cm)内部和草丛上。多数巢存在遮蔽物。避风和遮荫是黄嘴白鹭巢位选择的主要要求。台风是决定五峙山列岛黄嘴白鹭巢位选择的最主要因素, 而高灌木的数量直接影响五峙山列岛黄嘴白鹭的繁殖成功和今后的资源状况。     

饥饿对三疣梭子蟹初孵幼体(Z1)存活及主要生化成分的影响

研究了饥饿对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)初孵幼体(Z1)存活及主要生化组成的影响,同时分析饥饿期间的能量变化和能量来源。结果表明,1.三疣梭子蟹初孵幼体Z1的TI(初次死亡时间)、T50(50%死亡时间)和T100(100%死亡时间)的时间分别为2.5 d、6.0 d和9.5 d,饥饿第3 d,幼体活力显著下降;2.饥饿期间,幼体的蛋白质和脂肪含量显著下降,水分含量略有上升,脂肪/蛋白的值表现为高-低-高-低的变化趋势;3.饥饿期间,初孵幼体Z1体内的总能量显著下降,最初24 h的能量消耗最快,整个饥饿期间脂类、蛋白质供能比例分别为42.71%、57.05%。     

Identification of Odontamblyopus lacepedii via morphology and DNA barcoding

To evaluate taxonomic and genetic variation in Odontamblyopus lacepedii collected in East Asia, morphometric characters and molecular analysis were described. The body was ribbon-like. The body and head were grayish-purple with no embedded scales. Eyes were rudimentary, but distinct, covered by skin. The dorsal and anal fins were continuous with the caudal fin. The edges of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins were dark chocolate-brown. Genetic analysis of four species revealed higher mean A + T (55.4%) than G + C (44.6%). Twenty-two haplotype sequences were identified, containing 22 haplotypes, 131 variable sites and 122 parsimony-informative sites, with haplotype and nucleotide diversity differing among species. The intraspecies genetic distances ranged from 0.2% to 0.5% (average 0.3%) and interspecies differences from 1.1% to 17.6% (average 14.6%), respectively, indicating that these four species of Amblyopinae can be accurately identified. The NJ tree constructed using COI fragments based on 22 haplotypes was composed of two main branches: the upper branch comprising O. lacepedii and O. sp. showing a close relationship, with Trypauchen vagina and Ctenotrypauchen microcephalus clustering on the second branch. Thus, the results validated the identification of O. lacepedii at the morphological and genetic level.     

Cell cycle regulation of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata: Growth,photosynthetic efficiency and toxin production

The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata is a widely distributed diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) producer. Toxin variability of Dinophysis spp. has been well studied, but little is known of the manner in which toxin production is regulated throughout the cell cycle in these species, in part due to their mixotrophic characteristics. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate cell cycle regulation of growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and toxin production in D. acuminata. First, a three-step synchronization approach, termed “starvation-feeding-dark”, was used to achieve a high degree of synchrony of Dinophysis cells by starving the cells for 2 weeks, feeding them once, and then placing them in darkness for 58 h. The synchronized cells started DNA synthesis (S phase) 10 h after being released into the light, initiated G2 growth stage eight hours later, and completed mitosis (M phase) 2 h before lights were turned on. The toxin content of three dominant toxins, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), followed a common pattern of increasing in G1 phase, decreasing on entry into the S phase, then increasing again in S phase and decreasing in M phase during the diel cell cycle. Specific toxin production rates were positive throughout the G1 and S phases, but negative during the transition from G1 to S phase and late in M phase, the latter reflecting cell division. All toxins were initially induced by the light and positively correlated with the percentage of cells in S phase, indicating that biosynthesis of Dinophysis toxins might be under circadian regulation and be most active during DNA synthesis.     

Genetic characterization and management of the endangered Mohave tui chub

The Mohave tui chub (Siphateles bicolor mohavensis) is the only fish native to the Mojave River, California. The fish were displaced by introduced arroyo chubs (Gila orcutti) throughout most of their range, starting in the 1930s. Two potentially relictual populations and two transplanted populations were genetically characterized using 12 microsatellite DNA loci, along with contemporary cyprinid populations in the Mojave River. We found only un-hybridized Mohave tui chubs in the refuge populations, and only un-hybridized arroyo chubs in the Mojave River. The two largest Mohave tui chub populations (Lake Tuendae and China Lake) exhibit similar, comparatively high genetic variation. Another large population (Camp Cady) with low genetic diversity shows the effect of a bottleneck of ten individuals during the historic founding event. The fourth population (MC Spring) has the fewest alleles, lowest heterozygosity, and is the most divergent, suggesting that genetic drift from a persistently low effective population size has reduced genetic diversity since its apparent isolation in 1934. We recommend instituting artificial gene flow to rebuild genetic variation in Camp Cady from both Lake Tuendae and China Lake, and the establishment of new populations with founders from both Lake Tuendae and China Lake. Additionally, we comment on the infeasibility of restoring populations of Mohave tui chub in their historic habitats.