Variation in Nymphon brevirostre (Hodge), and the status of N. rubrum (Hodge) (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)

A series of morphometric analyses conducted on specimens of Nymphon brevirostre Hodge and Nymphon rubrum Hodge from British waters has shown that the characteristics variously used in the past to distinguish these two species are invalid. In this material these characteristics range from the extreme of the typical N. brevirostre form to that of the typical N. rubrum form, with most of the specimens exhibiting an intermediate morphology. Multivariate analyses showed no significant splitting of the material into two groups which might correlate to Hodge's two species. Protonymphon larvae from males of both typical extreme forms were morphologically identical. It is concluded that N. rubrum is a junior synonym of N. brevirostre, a variable species whose morphology tends towards the rubrum form as the animal grows.     

The determination of sense organs in Drosophila: interaction of scute with daughterless

Summary Several genetic loci have been implicated in the formation of the peripheral nervous system during Drosophila embryogenesis. As a first step towards understanding the functional interrelationships between these genes, we have searched for dominant interactions between deficiencies for the achaete-scute complex (AS-C), daughterless (da) and six other regions necessary for peripheral neurogenesis in the embryo. We have found that adult flies doubly heterozygous for deletions of AS-C and of da, or of AS-C and a small region on the fourth chromosome, exhibit characteristic bristle defects, suggesting that these genes cooperate to form sense organs both in the embryo and in the adult.     

Record of a larval Parataeniophorus brevis from Hawaii

A 7.2 mm notochordal-length larva of Parataeniophorus brevis is described and illustrated from the fifth and the smallest specimen, collected near Hawaii. This larva is compared to all other described species of the family Mirapinnatidae, and is unique in having the unpaired fin rays developing in the finfold. The three species of Parataeniophorus can be distinguished on the basis of the number of dorsal-fin and anal-fin rays: bertelseni , 18–20 and 16–18; brevis , 13–16 and 13–15; gulosus 28–33 and 23–29, respectively.     

曲扎角叶蚤幼虫的形态描述

本文对曲扎角叶蚤Ceratophyllus chutsaensis Liu & Wu,1962的幼虫形态进行了描述。     

家蝇幼虫液体饲料饲养的方法

家蝇幼虫液体饲料饲养的方法尹华宝王奎仁（中国科学技术大学地球与空间科学系,合肥２３００２６）徐汝梅（北京师范大学生物系,１００８７５）ＡＭｅｔｈｏｄｏｆＲｅａｒｉｎｇＨｏｕｓｅ－ｆｌｙＬａｒｖａｗｉｔｈＬｉｑｕｉｄＦｅｅｄ．ＹｉｎｇＨｕａｂａｏ,Ｗａ...     

Multifractal anisotropic swimming: the optimal foraging behaviour of grouper larvae

It was hypothesized that the Malabar grouper Ephinephelus malabaricus larvae have developed search patterns adapted to the distribution of their prey to maximise their net energy intake per unit time. Analysis of the swimming behaviour of E. malabaricus larvae in both the presence and absence of Artemia sp. nauplii is presented to test this hypothesis. A method derived from turbulence studies (the moment function of the displacements) was used to characterize the behaviour. The results revealed that larval swimming pattern was multifractal (intermittent and long‐range‐correlated) and isotropic (i.e. uniform in all directions) in the presence of prey, but multifractal and anisotropic (i.e. more frequent long displacement on the vertical axis) in the absence of prey. It is suggested that the search behaviour observed in the absence of prey is an adaptive response to prey distribution pattern, which is often characterised by multifractality and anisotropy (i.e. larger patches on the horizontal axes). In the presence of prey, E. malabaricus shifted to intensive search behaviour. Other possible contributors to the observed patterns are discussed. It is concluded that multifractality and anisotropy of swimming patterns observed in the experiment are mainly explained in an optimal foraging theory framework.     

长蝎蛉幼期形态附生物学记述

【目的】蝎蛉科(Panorpidae)是长翅目(Mecoptera)最大的科,是重要的生态指示昆虫。然而,由于对环境条件要求苛刻,饲养困难,其幼期研究很不充分。【方法】本研究通过人工饲养成虫获得了长蝎蛉Panorpa macrostyla Hua的卵、幼虫和蛹等全部虫态,运用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微技术观察了其超微形态,并简要记载了其生物学特性。【结果】长蝎蛉每年发生1代,成虫发生于6月末至8月初。卵椭球形,卵壳表面覆盖一层隆起的网状结构。幼虫蠋型,具3对分4节的胸足和8对不分节的腹足;头壳高度骨化,具1对由26个小眼组成的复眼和1对3节的触角,口器咀嚼式;腹部第1-9节背面具有成对的背毛突,第10节仅有1根背毛突,腹部末端具有一个可伸缩的吸盘;呼吸系统为周气门式,具1对前胸气门和8对腹气门。幼虫共4个龄期,以预蛹期在土室内越冬。蛹为强颚离蛹,外形接近成虫,雄蛹腹部末端膨大。【结论】基于幼虫形态特征,长蝎蛉明显区别于新蝎蛉属Neopanorpa、华蝎蛉属Sinopanorpa、双角蝎蛉属Dicerapanorpa以及单角蝎蛉属Cerapanorpa幼虫。然而,长蝎蛉幼虫头部刚毛L2和SO2,腹部末节刚毛D2,SD1和SD2端部均膨大呈棒状,与蝎蛉属Panorpa其他种类区别明显,表明长蝎蛉的属级地位需要进一步研究。     

大双角蝎蛉幼虫复眼超微结构及其在全变态类幼虫侧单眼演化中的意义

【目的】长翅目(Mecoptera)是全变态类昆虫中唯一在幼虫期具有复眼而无侧单眼的类群,是研究昆虫复眼与侧单眼之间演化关系的理想材料。本研究旨在阐明长翅目幼虫复眼的结构特征,为探讨长翅目幼虫复眼与其他全变态类幼虫侧单眼之间的进化关系提供依据。【方法】本研究运用光学显微镜、扫描和透射电子显微镜技术观察了蝎蛉科(Panorpidae)大双角蝎蛉Dicerapanorpa magna(Chou)幼虫复眼的超微结构,并依据其结构特征对长翅目幼虫复眼在全变态类幼虫侧单眼演化中的意义进行了探讨。【结果】结果表明,大双角蝎蛉幼虫复眼属于并列像眼,由50多个小眼组成。小眼由1个角膜、1个晶体、8个视网膜细胞、2个初级色素细胞和数个次级色素细胞等组成。视网膜细胞分为4个远端细胞和4个近端细胞。远端视网膜细胞的视小杆向上延伸包裹着晶体的基部,使视杆末端呈漏斗状。【结论】分层的视网膜细胞和漏斗状的视杆很可能是长翅目幼虫复眼的共有祖征。这两个特征不存在于长翅目成虫复眼中,但存在于许多渐变态类昆虫中。由此推测,长翅目幼虫复眼可能与渐变态类昆虫的复眼存在同源关系。我们认为,长翅目幼虫独有的复眼很可能是全变态类昆虫的祖征,其他全变态类幼虫的侧单眼可能是由复眼演化来的。     

茶尺蠖幼虫脑的解剖结构

【目的】明确茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua Prout 5龄幼虫脑解剖结构,并分析和构建幼虫脑以及脑内部各神经髓结构的三维结构模型。【方法】采用免疫组织化学方法,利用突触蛋白抗体,染色标记脑内神经突触,定位突触联系密集分布的区域,获得脑内部神经髓的结构。利用激光共聚焦显微镜获取脑扫描图像,然后利用三维图像分析软件AMIRA进行图像分析,构建脑的三维结构模型,并计算脑以及脑内各神经髓结构的体积。【结果】突触蛋白抗体染色显示,茶尺蠖5龄幼虫脑内具有很多神经突触联系密集分布的区域,这些不同区域即为脑的不同神经髓结构。茶尺蠖幼虫脑主要包括前脑、中脑和后脑3个组成部分。其中前脑最大,包括成对的视叶、蕈形体、前脑桥和侧副叶以及不成对的中央体。视叶位于前脑的两侧后端。蕈形体位于脑半球正中间位置。侧副叶在中央体的下前方两侧。中央体在脑的正中心。前脑桥在中央体的上方后侧。除这些形态结构明显的神经髓区域外,前脑还包括大量内部边界不明显的神经髓区域,位于前脑左右两侧以及背侧和腹侧,这些区域被总称为中间脑,占整个脑神经髓的66%。触角叶为中脑的主要组成部分,在脑的下部最前端,为一对球状结构。后脑在脑的腹侧和触角叶下方,即围咽神经索进入脑的入口处。【结论】构建了茶尺蠖5龄幼虫脑以及各神经髓结构三维模型,分析了脑内各个神经髓之间的空间位置关系,明确了各神经髓的体积。茶尺蠖幼虫脑体积小而且结构简单的特征与其幼期视觉、嗅觉等感觉器官不发达、活动能力弱、行为简单的生物学习性相对应。     

The effect of development of Taenia hydatigena larvae in the peritoneal cavity of dogs on resistance to a challenge infection with Echinococcus granulosus

Activated oncospheres of T. hydatigena within filtration membrane diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally into dogs developed into larvae 3 mm in dia possessing a scolex anlage without hooks. Exogenous antigens released by developing T. hydatigena larvae failed to stimulate any measurable resistance in the dogs to challenge infection with E. granulosus protoscolices.