Determination of copper concentration in blood plasma and in ocular and cerebrospinal fluids using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Published values for the concentration of Cu in cerebrospinal and intraocular fluids cover a very wide range (0.016 to 1.0 microgram/ml) and include values which are several times higher than those which would be consistent with normal physiology. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace was used to measure the Cu concentration in these fluids and in blood plasma of toads, rabbits, and cats. Under standard conditions, these fluids yielded high background absorbance and only fractional recovery of added Cu. Parameters were therefore established which eliminated both the high background and the matrix interference and allowed the determination of Cu in 10-microliters aliquots of diluted blood plasma and undiluted cerebrospinal and ocular fluid samples. Under these conditions the Cu measured in the ocular (0.011 to 0.032 microgram/ml) and cerebrospinal fluids (0.033 to 0.050 microgram/ml) of these three species was lower than most previously reported values and only a small fraction (1-3%) of the concentration of Cu in the plasma of the same animals (0.85 to 1.22 micrograms/ml).     

Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxidative Metabolism in Conscious Fischer-344 Rats of Different Ages

Abstract: The cerebral metabolic rates for O₂ and for glucose were measured in conscious, fasted male Fischer-344 rats at the ages of 3, 12, and 24 months, and cerebral blood flow was determined with ¹⁴C-iodoantipyrine. The metabolic rates for oxygen and glucose were obtained by multiplying blood flow by the O₂ and glucose concentration differences, respectively, between blood in the femoral artery and in the superior sagittal sinus. Mean cerebral blood flow and the metabolic rates for oxygen and glucose did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between 3 and 12 or between 12 and 24 months. Nor did the arteriovenous differences for O₂ and for glucose change significantly with age. Because the superior sagittal sinus drains blood mainly from the cerebral cortex, the results indicate that average cerebral cortical oxidative metabolism, and the coupling ratios between the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and cerebral blood flow and between the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose and cerebral blood flow, do not change significantly with age in the Fischer-344 rat.     

Membrane potentials associated with Ca-induced K conductance in human red blood cells: Studies with a fluorescent oxonol dye,WW 781

Summary A divalent anionic dye, bis-[3-methyl-1-p-sulfophenyl-5-pyrazolone-(4)]-pentamethine oxonol (WW 781) is a rapidly responding fluorescent indicator of KCl diffusion potentials induced in human red blood cells with valinomycin, gramicidin, and with the Ca ionophore A 23187 in the presence of external Ca. WW 781 has a sensitivity of 0.13% F/mV, a detection limit of 10 mV, a response time of less than 1 sec, and exhibits a decrease in fluorescence intensity upon hyperpolarization without detectable shifts in absorption or emission peaks. This dye does not perturb the normal resting potential, and unlike the slow permeant cyanine dyes, does not inhibit Ca-induced K conductance in human red blood cells. However, WW 781 does stimulate Ca-induced unidirectional Rb efflux. With Ca plus A 23187, the initial rapid change in dye fluorescence is sensitive to [Ca] _o and to [A 23187], is reversible with excess EGTA, and is inhibited by quinine, oligomycin, and by trifluoperazine. A biphasic dependence of hyperpolarization on K _o is evident at pH 6, where the ionic selectivity of activation is K, Rb>Cs>Na and that of conductance is K, Rb>Cs. Conditions were defined which permitted continuous monitoring ofE _m for at least 10 min, and the time dependence of the Ca-induced potentials was characterized. Since the properties of the Ca-induced changes in dye fluorescence correlate well with the known characteristics of Ca-induced K permeability, we conclude that WW 781 is a useful indicator of changes inE _m, provided that sufficient controls are employed to separate direct effects of Ca on dye fluorescence from the effects ofE _m on fluorescence.     

Substance P and enkephalin in transected axons of medulla and spinal cord

The accumulation of transported materials in cut axons is demonstrated by the light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of substance P and enkephalin in the caudal medulla and cervical spinal cord of adult rat. Two days following unilateral knife-cuts in the caudal medulla or spinal (C2-C3) levels, substance P and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (SPLI and ELI) are detected in lesioned axons located rostral and caudal to the transection. Rostrally, SPLI and ELI are detected in the lateral reticular region and ventrolateral fasciculus corresponding to the location of previously identified bulbospinal pathways. Caudally, previously unidentified, propriospinal pathways showing SPLI are detected in the dorsal columns and in the dorsolateral fasciculus. In contrast, ELI is found caudal to the transection only in the reticular region of the medulla. For both peptides, immunoreactivity is present throughout axons containing numerous large, dense core, and small clear vesicles. These results support the concept of both particulate and soluble modes of transport for substance P and enkephalin within axons of the central nervous system.     

The chimpanzee M blood-group antigen is a variant of the human M-N glycoproteins

Chimpanzee erythrocytes express strong M but weak, occasional N blood-group activity, as detected by anti-M and anti-N reagents. We have found that the M activity is carried by a major membrane glycoprotein that is similar but not identical to the human MM glycoprotein (glycophorin A). We have isolated and characterized this glycoprotein from erythrocyte membranes of four individual chimpanzees. The purified glycoproteins strongly inhibited agglutination of M cells by rabbit anti-human M sera and only weakly inhibited the agglutination of N cells by rabbit anti-human N sera. They also displayed medium-to-strong inhibitory activity against chimpanzee iso- and crossimmune antisera tested with chimpanzee erythrocytes of various V-A-B-D and W^c specificities, which are known as chimpanzee extensions of the human type M-N system and the Miltenberger counterpart, respectively. Each glycoprotein was cleaved with CNBr into three fragments, whose size, solubility, and composition were analogous to those obtained by similar treatment of the human M-N antigens. The amino-terminal fragment was found to be a glycooctapeptide whose amino acid composition and partial sequence indicated that it is an intermediate form of the human M and N glycooctapeptides. Its carbohydrate content comprised two threonine-linked saccharide units that, although similar in composition to the human threonine-linked units, were fewer in number than the three units found in the corresponding human glycooctapeptides. Structural similarities to the human antigens strongly suggest that the amino terminus bears the major antigenic determinants of the molecule, and the occurrence in this region of numerous, albeit rare, variants among humans and in chimpanzees indicates that the corresponding coding sequence of the structural gene is particularly susceptible to mutational events. We conclude that the chimpanzee M gene product is a variant of the human type and that the chimpanzee gene is an allele of the human polymorphic M-N locus.This research was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants GM 16389 and HL 19011 and March of Dimes Grant 1-661.     

The efficacy of biobehavioral and compliance interventions in the adjunctive treatment of mild pregnancy-induced hypertension

This investigation assessed the efficacy of a biobehavioral intervention in the adjunctive treatment of mild pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), a potentially serious complication of pregnancy in which normotensive women develop hypertension, proteinuria, and edema of unknown etiology late in gestation. Forty-five women with symptoms of PIH were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: bed rest alone (the most common obstetrical treatment), bed rest with individualized compliance enhancement training, or a four-session biobehavioral treatment consisting of bed rest, compliance enhancement training, and individualized thermal biofeedback-assisted relaxation training. Results indicated that while blood pressure for the bed rest and compliance enhancement groups continued to rise and pose an increasing health risk to maternal and fetal well-being, subjects in the biobehavioral group maintained their blood pressure at a significantly lower, and presumably safer, level. The biobehavioral treatment is hypothesized to affect blood pressure levels in subjects with mild PIH through the mediation of the sympathetic nervous system, decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output. The results of this investigation suggest that the biobehavioral intervention may be an effective adjunct to bed rest in the treatment of mild PIH remote from term.     

GENETIC RELATEDNESS OF TWO POPULATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL, MIROUNGA LEONINA

Blood samples from southern elephant seals ( Mirounga leonina ) from Heard and Macquarie Islands were surveyed electrophoretically for protein variation. Thirty proteins encoded by a minimum of 35 loci were screened, four of which were found to be polymorphic. Statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were found between the two populations at three loci. Heterozygosity estimates for the Heard and Macquarie island populations were 0.034 ± 0.020 (mean ± standard error) and O.029 ± 0.017 respectively, with a Nei distance of 0.007. The findings suggest that the two populations may have diverged genetically and very limited gene flow exists between the islands, a finding consistent with limited information from mark-recapture studies.     

Thiol-dependent passive K:Cl transport in sheep red blood cells: X. A hydroxylamine-oxidation induced K:Cl flux blocked by diethylpyrocarbonate

Summary Hydroxylamine, a potent oxidizing agent used to reverse carbethoxylation of histidine by diethylpyrocarbonate, activated Cl-dependent K flux (KCl cotransport) of low K sheep red blood cells almost sixfold. When KCl cotransport was already stimulated by N-ethylmaleimide, hydroxylamine caused an additional twofold activation suggesting modification of sites different from those thiol alkylated. This conclusion was supported by the finding that hydroxylamine additively augmented also the diamide-induced KCl flux (Lauf, P.K. 1988.J. Membrane Biol. 101:179–188) with dithiothreitol fully reversing the diamide but not the hydroxylamine effect. Stimulation of KCl cotransport by hydroxylamine was completely inhibited by treatment with diethylpyrocarbonate also known to prevent KCl cotransport stimulation by N-ethylmaleimide, both effects being independent of the order of addition. Hence, although the effect of carbethoxy modification on KCl flux cannot be reversed by hydroxylamine and thus excludes histidine as the target for diethylpyrocarbonate, our finding reveals an important chemical determinant of KCl cotransport stimulation by both hydroxylamine oxidation and thiol group alkylation.     

兔下丘脑室旁核刺激引起的肾交感神经传出活动的抑制

本实验用家兔,氯醛糖及尿酯混合静脉麻醉,制动,人工呼吸,颈部分离出三对神经——迷走、窦及主动脉神经,以备实验中切断。记录股动脉压、肾交感神经传出性放电活动(RSED)及其频率幅度直方图。借助脑立体定向仪刺激下丘脑室旁核,当刺激较强时,在交感神经放电短暂增加之后,可引起血压升高及RSED抑制。这一抑制过程可分为两个时相:血压不变期间的初期抑制时相及与血压升高同时并存的后期抑制时相。实验发现RSED总抑制时程及后期抑制时程均与血压变动具有正相关关系,而初期抑制时程与血压变动无相关关系。切断压力感受性神经前后,虽初期抑制时程的均值无显著差异,但在切断压力感受性神经后,总抑制时程及后期抑制时程的均值大大缩短。当用较弱刺激施于室旁核时,可不引起血压变化,但仍能引起RSED抑制。这个抑制亦可因切断压力感受神经而显著缩短。上述实验结果表明:(1) 在中枢内存在着一个室旁核-肾交感传出系统的抑制机制;(2) 初期抑制来源于中枢性抑制机制,而后期抑制时相主要来源于压力感受性反射,但亦有中枢抑制机制的参与;(3) RSED的中枢抑制可能并不是兴奋后压抑,而是自室旁核至脊髓交感节前神经元的主动性抑制。