追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响?

This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out.     

齿匙同蝽

<正>齿匙同蝽Elasmucha fieberi(Jakovlev),隶属于半翅目Hemiptera,同蝽科Acanthosomatidae。体长8mm左右,体宽4mm左右,身体棕绿色或灰褐色,具黑色刻点,头顶刻点粗糙密集。雄虫触角     

云南广西三叉蕨科二新种

云南广西三叉蕨科二新种周厚高，朱维明（广西农业大学，南宁５３０００５）（云南大学，昆明６５００９１）关键词三叉蕨科，滇桂三相蕨，桂滇肋毛蕨，云南，广西ＴＷＯＮＥＷＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＡＳＰＩＤＩＡＣＥＡＥＦＲＯＭＹＵＮＮＡＮＡＮＤＧＵＡＮＧＸＩ￥ＺＮＯ...