Effects of peach branches returning on autotoxins and microbes in soil and tree growth of peaches

Aims This study aimed to investigate the effects of branch returning on the growth of peach (Amygdalus persica "Chunmei/Maotao") saplings, soil enzyme activity, and soil contents of phenolic acids and amygdalin, thereby providing scientific evidence against the application of branch returning for peach trees. Methods One-year-old potted peach tree (Amygdalus persica "Chunmei/Maotao") was used in this study with four agricultural treatments applied, including soil coverage by fragmented peach tree branches (fragment treatment;1.5 and 22.5 g·kg^-1) and applying leachate solutions of peach tree branches to soil (leachate treatment; 1.5 and 22.5 g·kg^-1). No branch addition was used as control (CK). Solid phase extraction, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), biological high-throughput sequencing was used to determine the content of autotoxic substances, and microbial community structure in soil. Soil coverage and leachate solution treatments of 30 g and 450 g branches applied to the peach trees were described as 1.5 and 22.5 g·kg^-1, respectively in this paper.Important findings Compared with CK, the phenolic acid and amygdalin contents significantly increased after both fragment and leachate treatments in high quantities (22.5 g·kg^-1). Soil microbial community structure altered in both treatments, with the proportion of fungi (particularly Agaricomycetes, Tubeufia and Cystofilobasidiaceae) increased significantly and bacteria decreased accordingly. Invertase activity in both high-quantity treatments exceeded that in the CK significantly. The activity of catalase and urease was higher at first and then decreased relative to CK under high-quantity fragment and leachate treatments. Specifically, the effect of leachate treatment on enzyme activity was higher than the fragment treatment in the short term. Chlorophyll content, ground diameter (diameter of 5 cm from the ground) growth and net photosynthesis rate of plants were lower in high-quantity fragment and leachate treatments than those in CK, with earlier retardation of new shoot growth. We observed an increase in soil phenolic acids and enzymes in treatments in normal pruning quantity, while no inhibition effect was found on the tree growth. In conclusion, autotoxins (such as phenolic acid and amygdalin) inhibited the growth of peach trees both directly and indirectly through changing soil enzyme activity and microbial community.     

深圳大学校园规划建设的革新精神与人文内涵

深圳大学校园建筑被誉为学院派跨世纪佳作，是富有创新精神的深大人集体智慧的结晶，和许多大学比，其建筑结构与布局表现了先锋性（新）和独创性（异）、“异”指摆脱了老旧大学的传统建筑套路，“新”则在于体现了改革开放的时代精神和超前意识，校园民人和环境的协调关系，努力创造具有亲和力的“场”，顺应经济化的未来趋势，突出科技的地位和发展智能的重要性，寄寓“天地人和”的理想，从而使校园整体建构具有恒久的人价值     

无色杆菌蛋白酶Ⅰ突变体的结构与稳定性研究

报道了用定位诱变技术，改变无色杆蛋白酶Ⅰ的酶原加工位点，使其向左或向右移动，导致突变体成熟酶的肽链从Ｎ端延长或缩短若干氨基酸残基。所获突变体显示了低于野生酶的活性。突变体的园二色谱和荧光光说研究表明，它们的结构发生了某些微小的改变。在不同的ＰＨ值的，温度和不同浓度的ＳＤＳ和盐酸胍条件下，也表现了低于天然酶的稳定性。     

动物的体色

几乎所有动物都具有一定的体色。动物体色具有多方面的生物学意义，如吸引配偶、警戒敌人、隐蔽自身等。研究动物的体色对研究动物的行为极为重要。     

油的学问

市场上,食用油琳琅满目,花生油、葵花籽油……满满一货架,相信很多人为“如何选择它们”感到困惑,吃什么样的油对健康更有益？什么样的油才是最适合我们身体的“健康好油”呢？要想了解这些,我们先要了解关于食用油脂的一些知识。食用油脂的分类主要是脂肪的分类,构成脂肪的基本单位是脂肪酸,它的基本结构是碳氢化合物的链。据此,油脂有两种分类,一种是     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对典型草原群落结构与生态系统功能的影响

草原灌丛化是全球干旱半干旱地区面临的重要生态问题。灌丛化对草原生态系统结构与功能的影响较为复杂, 有待于在更广泛的区域开展研究。该研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原选择轻度、中度和重度灌丛化草地, 通过群落调查, 结合植物功能性状和土壤理化性质观测, 研究了小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛化对草原群落结构(物种多样性、功能多样性和功能群组成)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、植被和土壤养分库)的影响。结果表明: 1)不同程度灌丛化草地的物种丰富度、功能性状多样性和群落加权性状平均值差异显著, 其中, 中度灌丛化草地的物种多样性和功能多样性较高, 表明一定程度的灌丛化有利于生物多样性维持。2)重度灌丛化草地的地上净初级生产力(ANPP)显著高于轻度和中度灌丛化草地, 其原因主要是随着灌丛化程度加剧, 群落内一/二年生草本植物显著增加, 而多年生禾草和多年生杂类草显著减少。三个灌丛化草地的植被叶片和土壤碳、氮库差异均不显著。3)灌丛化对草原生态系统功能包括ANPP、植被和土壤养分库均没有直接的影响, 而是通过影响功能群组成、土壤理化性质和功能多样性, 间接地影响生态系统功能; 灌丛化导致功能群发生替代和土壤旱碱化是最重要的生物和非生物因素。     

猕猴自发性胆结石结构与成份研究

胆结石在除人以外的脊椎动物中极为少见，据Martensson（1941）报道胆结石自然发病率，牛：0.68%；猪：0.24%；马：0.08%；狗：0.04%。在非人灵长类中，自然发生的胆结石在猩猩、狨猴、狒狒、夜猴和猕猴有过报道。     

澜沧江梯级开发下鱼类支流生境替代效果

作为干流高坝水电开发导致鱼类生境丧失的一种补偿措施，支流替代生境近年来被广泛应用于受工程影响河段的土著鱼类保护，但替代支流发挥怎样的保护效果及干流对其的影响仍不清楚。以实施了澜沧江梯级生境替代的支流基独河与罗梭江为研究对象，并选择了邻近的对照支流，通过对鱼类调查数据的分析对比，揭示了各支流鱼类种类组成与群落结构的差异特征，初步阐明了梯级开发下鱼类支流生境替代效果以及干流工程建设对其的影响。结果表明：澜沧江支流替代生境对干流鱼类具有明显的保护作用，支流生境修复后鱼类物种丰富度明显提高，罗梭江土著鱼类、特有鱼类物种数分别增加了12种、7种，基独河则是7种、2种，替代生境能为澜沧江土著鱼类、部分濒危特有鱼类和洄游鱼类提供完成生活史的关键栖息地。干流对支流生境替代保护有着重要影响，罗梭江、基独河与邻近干流鱼类群落的Bray-Curtis相似性分别为21.76%、10.73%,支流河口段保持“河相”是支流生境替代保护效果可持续的关键。综合考虑生境替代保护的效益与投入，建议今后开展此类保护措施时优先选择库尾河相区的支流。