无量山大寨子黑长臂猿一夫二妻制的群体结构及其行为学原因

2003年8月—2005年8月,对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时,记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6·2只;到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6·4只,其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出,且有3只幼猿出生。在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日,当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后,两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶,并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱,成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性,10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离,并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出,及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。     

Gibbons under seasonal stress: the diet of the black crested gibbon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nomascus concolor</Emphasis>) on Mt. Wuliang,Central Yunnan,China

The diet of a habituated group of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) was studied from March 2005 to April 2006 in the Wuliang Mountains, central Yunnan, China. Gibbons consumed 77 different plant species, one mammal-, two bird-, one lizard-, and two insect-species. Buds and leaves constituted 46.5% of the diet (21.0% vine leaves and buds, 19.2% tree leaves and buds, and 6.3% epiphyte leaves). Fruits, figs and flowers accounted for 25.5, 18.6 and 9.1% of the diet, respectively. There was marked seasonal variation in dietary proportions. Fruit varied from 0.3 to 82.7%; figs from 0 to 68.2%; tree leaves and buds from 1.5 to 83.3%; vine leaves and buds from 3.1 to 61.9%; and epiphyte leaves from 0 to 22.2% of the diet. Different food types dominated the diet in different months during the study period. The foli-frugivorous diet and extreme seasonal variation in the diet may be related to the harsh habitat of the study group.     

Status and distribution pattern of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountains, Yunnan, China: implication for conservation

The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor), or black gibbon, one of the lesser apes (Hylobatidae), is mainly distributed in Yunnan, China. Of the four recognized subspecies, N. c. jingdongensis is endemic to the Wuliang Mountain, central Yunnan, China. Of all the subspecies, this one has the largest population of any black gibbon. However, the data were all based on brief estimates. We carried out an extensive field survey on population and group distribution of the black gibbon in the Wuliang Mountains by use of loud morning songs and interviews with local people. Ninety-eight groups were confirmed and located in the mid-montane range of Wuliang Mountains. More groups are found on the east slope and the southern region than in the west and the north. Gibbons are more disjunctly distributed on the west slope, especially in the northern part. Deforestation in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was the main reason for rapid loss of habitat and population decline. Hunting was another key reason for population decline and, in many cases, the main reason for local extinction.     

云南无量山印支灰叶猴社会结构初步研究

乌叶猴属物种主要以一雄多雌的小群活动,其群体大小一般不超过20只。泰国东北部的印支灰叶猴生活在一雄多雌或多雄多雌群的小群中,而云南无量山的印支灰叶猴却生活在多雄多雌的大群中,有些群大小超过100只,但是对无量山印支灰叶猴的社会结构缺乏研究。2012年9月至2015年7月,在云南无量山国家级自然保护区大寨子片区开展一群习惯化印支灰叶猴的社会结构研究。采用10min间隔的焦点动物瞬时记录法,记录焦点成年雄性5 m范围内不同性别年龄个体的数量。观察期间共有594次准确识别焦点雄性5 m范围内其它个体年龄性别的有效数据 (至少有1只其他个体)。其中,焦点雄性周围出现其它成年雄性的几率为44.2%,数量为(0.62 ± 0.85)只;同时出现成年雄性和成年雌性的几率是32.5%。取食时焦点雄性周围出现其它雄性的比例 (60.0%) 和数量 (平均0.93只) 都大于休息和移动时,数量最多为5只成年雄性。结果表明该群灰叶猴的社会结构不是由多个OMU和AMU组成的重层社会,而是多雄多雌的社会结构。无量山印支灰叶猴群内成年雄性间相互容忍度较高,个体的空间分布在取食时尤其密集,说明无量山印支灰叶猴的食物丰富 (至少在某些季节),这也部分解释了为什么无量山印支灰叶猴能够生活在大群中。本文为进一步研究亚洲疣猴社会结构的多样性和进化提供了重要的基础资料。     

长尾姬鼠分类地位的探讨

长期以来长尾姬鼠（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓ ｏｒｅｓｔｅｓ）的分类地位一直不确定。基于在云南中部无量山区采集的大量姬鼠类标本,经单变量和多变量分析,长尾姬鼠明显区别于中华姬鼠（Ａ．ｄｒａｃｏ）。主要鉴别特征在于体长、尾长及尾长与本长的比例,且相关分析表明,该两种的尾长与体长具显著的相关性。而对无量山姬鼠的生态地理分布研究显示,长尾姬鼠与中华姬鼠具完全同域分布,因此认为长尾姬鼠是一有效种。无量山区现有姬鼠３