江苏常熟尚湖浮游动物种群初步研究

2003年3～5月对尚湖浮游动物种群结构特征和生物多样性进行了初步研究。观察到尚湖浮游动物93种,其中原生动物38种,轮虫27种,枝角类18种,桡足类10种。采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数公式,对浮游动物的物种多样性指数、密度多样性指数和生物量多样性指数进行了分析。     

芡实分区刈割试验对陈瑶湖后生浮游动物群落结构的影响

陈瑶湖流域是长江中下游重要的水禽省级自然保护区,近年来随着农业的发展,湖区存在芡实种植过密,汛期影响行洪的隐患,对湖区的水生态系统结构与功能的稳定性造成严重影响。为研究芡实分区刈割试验对陈瑶湖后生浮游动物群落结构的影响,于2019年8月期间对陈瑶湖后生浮游动物进行调查。共鉴定出后生浮游动物15科22属40种,其中轮虫12属26种,枝角类8属11种,桡足类2属3种,群落结构主要以轮虫为主,后生浮游动物种类分布时空上无显著差异(P>0.05)。共发现优势种8属10种,分别为萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、剪形臂尾轮虫(Brachionus forficula)、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、囊形单趾轮虫(Monostyla bulla)、蹄形腔轮虫(Lecane ungulata)、针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)、迈氏三肢轮虫(Filinia maior)、长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops...     

象山港春、夏季大中型浮游动物空间异质性

为探明象山港大中型浮游动物空间分布特征及主要影响因素,分别于2010年4月、7月大、小潮期对浮游动物群落和相关环境因子进行调查。四个航次共检出浮游动物成体14大类64种、浮游幼体10大类14种,春、夏季群落结构差异极显著(P=0.001),物种更替率为66.7%,优势种差异明显,共同优势种仅有短尾类溞状幼虫(Brachyura zoea)和仔鱼(Fish larvae)两类幼体;同一季节大、小潮物种相似度约为60%,群落结构差异较小(P=0.031);春季生物量和丰度高于夏季,但物种多样性低于夏季。温度是浮游动物群落季节变化的主导因素。方差分析、聚类和多维尺度分析显示:浮游动物群落空间异质性分布方式受潮流影响,群落结构在大潮期梯度分布特征明显,小潮期通常呈斑块性分布;生物量、丰度和多样性等参数的空间分布取决于群落的分布特征,并受影响于该参数在狭湾口内外的差异。典范对应分析及环境参数统计分析表明:梯度分布主要由盐度、悬浮物的梯度性特征决定;主导斑块性分布的因素多样,不同情况下可能为水深、叶绿素a、营养盐和内外水团相互作用;梯度性和斑块性分布均受到潮流影响。总体来看,象山港浮游动物空间分布主要受水文因素控制,受化学和生物因素影响较弱,其中叶绿素a浓度仅在春季与浮游动物丰度有一定相关性,溶解氧、酸碱度和营养盐等水质参数对浮游动物空间分布几乎无直接影响。     

Climate change and the phytoplankton spring bloom: warming and overwintering zooplankton have similar effects on phytoplankton

Indoor mesocosms were used to study the combined effect of warming and of different densities of overwintering mesozooplankton (mainly copepods) on the spring development of phytoplankton in shallow, coastal waters. Similar to previous studies, warming accelerated the spring phytoplankton peak by ca. 1 day °C^?1 whereas zooplankton did not significantly influence timing. Phytoplankton biomass during the experimental period decreased with warming and with higher densities of overwintering zooplankton. Similarly, average cell size and average effective particle size (here: colony size) decreased both with zooplankton density and warming. A decrease in phytoplankton particle size is generally considered at typical footprint of copepod grazing. We conclude that warming induced changes in the magnitude and structure of the phytoplankton spring bloom cannot be understood without considering grazing by overwintering zooplankton.     

Quantitatively measuring in situ flows using a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment. We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.     

Historical biogeography and distribution of the freshwater calanoid copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Aim To determine and analyse the distribution of the freshwater calanoid copepod (Diaptomidae and Pseudodiaptomidae) fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) and its relation to the geological history of this Neotropical karstic plain. Location The Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Methods Plotting of geo‐referenced sites, analysis of local and regional geological history, analysis and comparison of regional and local records. Results The current composition and distribution of Diaptomidae and Pseudodiaptomidae in the YP mainly reflects recent, post‐Pliocene colonization events. This invasion did not reach America, but only parts of Central America (CA). The presence of diaptomids in the continent since the pre‐Cretaceous and the presumed post‐Cretaceous (Palaeocene–Oligocene) radiation of Diaptomidae in Middle America suggest earlier colonizations of the YP. The marine transgressions kept most of the YP submerged in different geological periods, thus eliminating any original primary freshwater colonizers, such as the diaptomids. The periods of marine regression probably represented opportunities for new waves of diaptomid colonization of the YP. The latest dispersal of diaptomids in the YP during the Holocene (8000 yr bp ) was probably an intermittent process because of the alternative dry and wet periods and interglacial transgressions. The presence of the Nearctic Leptodiaptomus and Arctodiaptomus in the YP and the current distribution of Mastigodiaptomus might represent remnants of earlier invasions of Diaptomidae in Middle America. The Neotropical Mastigodiaptomus probably originated in the Late Cretacic CA/proto‐Antilles complex. Forms derived from a M. albuquerquensis type ancestor radiated into the YP leaving relatively isolated populations of three species in the northern half of the peninsula. The distribution of the brackish water Pseudodiaptomus marshi well inside the coastline might have resulted from stranding and subsequent adaptation of this species during a marine regression in the Bacalar formation; this agrees with the vision of this taxon as being in process of invasion of freshwater environments. Main conclusions It is not probable that the South American (SA) diaptomid fauna originated from an invasion of upper Neotropical/Nearctic forms. The current distribution of freshwater calanoid copepods reflects relatively recent, post‐Pliocene biogeographical patterns, but probably older patterns are involved as well. The northern and eastern coasts of the Yucatan are the most recently colonized by diaptomids. Differing from other freshwater groups surveyed in the Yucatan that have marine relatives (i.e. fishes, amphipods, isopods, mysids, macrocrustaceans), there is no evidence of local vicariant events involving cave‐dwelling forms or marine relicts in the diaptomid fauna of the YP.     

Spatial and temporal patterns in the occurrence of peritrich ciliates as epibionts on calanoid copepods in the Chesapeake Bay, USA

We investigated temporal and spatial patterns of distribution in two peritrich ciliates (i.e. Zoothamnium intermedium and Epistylis sp.) living as epibionts on calanoid copepods (i.e. Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora affinis) in Chesapeake Bay. Net tow samples collected along the main axis of the Bay were analyzed to estimate the occurrence of epibionts on copepods and to explore relationships among infestation prevalence, host abundance, and environmental variables. Zoothamnium intermedium and Epistylis sp. colonized populations of A. tonsa during spring and summer months, while only Z. intermedium colonized E. affinis during spring. Occurrence of epibionts on copepods showed high interannual variation, marked seasonality, and geographic heterogeneity. Extensive statistical analyses rejected simple scenarios of interactions between epibiosis, environmental variables, and host density, suggesting a more complex dynamics for the system. Analyses of epibiont colonies and zooids per host area (i.e. the sum of width and length of the body including antennae and swimming legs calculated assuming a cylindrical shape) were also performed. Overall, epibiont infestation prevalence (i.e. colonies/host area) and load (i.e. zooids/host area) were higher on copepodites than on adults for both host species, suggesting a preferential attachment to juveniles, or a higher predation pressure on adult stages. Infestation density and loads of both epibiont species were higher on the cephalothorax and abdomen of A. tonsa and E. affinis in comparison to the antennae and swimming legs, suggesting that ciliates can more easily colonize less active parts of the host.     

Feeding habits of the juvenile striped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa Cuvier 1830, in Bahía Blanca estuary (Argentina): seasonal and ontogenetic changes

The aim of this study was to analyze the feeding habits of the juvenile striped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa Cuvier, from Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina. C. guatucupa is one of the most important regional fishing resources although in the last 10 years landings have greatly decreased. The year class strength of fish as well as stock size and yield are determined during the early life stages. Knowledge about the diet of young C. guatucupa may therefore contribute to our better understanding of the influence that the changes occurring in the biota of the estuary exert on the abundance fluctuations of this species. To this end, we investigated the ontogenetic and seasonal dietary changes of C. guatucupa between 1.00 and 12.99 cm total length (age 0+), and we related them to changes in habitat use and prey selection. Two dietary shifts were found during ontogeny. The first shift, at approximately 4 cm total length, involved a change from demersal-pelagic prey (mysid shrimps) to demersal-benthic prey (Peisos petrunkevitchi Burkenroad). The second shift, at approximately 8 cm total length, involved a progressive increase in ichthyophagy (mainly an increase consumption of the Argentine anchovy Engraulis anchoita Hubbs & Marini). Seasonal dietary changes were also found. They evidenced the changes in the availability of organisms. In autumn, the chaetognath Sagitta friderici Ritter-Zahoni, P. petrunkevitchi, and E. anchoita were the dominant prey items; in winter, the copepod Labidocera fluviatilis Dahl along with S. friderici, mysids, and P. petrunkevitchi constituted the majority of the diet; and, in summer, mysids were the most important prey item consumed. Selectivity data showed that whereas some prey items, such as the copepods Acartia tonsa Dana and Paracalanus parvus (Claus) and S. friderici, were consistently negatively selected by all size classes throughout the year, other prey items, such as fish larvae, mysids, and P. petrunkevitchi,were selected in one season and avoided in another. Additional dietary seasonal differences observed in our research indicate that the limited food supply and the low water temperatures are limiting factors for winter juveniles in BahÕa Blanca estuary. These factors may also directly influence the more-than-10 cm total length seaward migration of large numbers of C. guatucupa that is registered at the end of every autumn.     

Phytoplankton and zooplankton as indicators of water quality in Discovery Bay,Jamaica

Several investigations exist which use planktonic communities as indicators of water quality in Jamaican and Caribbean Bays, however, few are conducted before there are obvious effects of eutrophication. Therefore, most of our ‘baseline’ data are for bays already severely affected by pollution. This study was conducted to assess water quality in Discovery Bay, Jamaica, before there were severe signs of eutrophication. The bay was monitored over a 12-month period (October 1995–September 1996) using 10 stations. Physicochemical data indicated a well mixed upper 5 m of water column, below which discontinuities in temperature/salinity profiles indicated the influence of colder, more saline waters associated with deep offshore currents. Physicochemical variables were within the range for oligotrophic systems with a tendency towards mesotrophic in localized areas close to the shoreline. Signs of anthropogenic stress were associated with the eastern, southwestern and western sections of the bay. Of the over 120 species of phytoplankton found in the waters of Discovery Bay, most were neritic/oceanic and diatoms dominated while 11 were found to be potentially harmful species. While these harmful species occurred at all stations they occurred most frequently at stations on the eastern side of the bay. About 107 zooplankton species were identified, 52 of which were copepods. The species also represented a mix of neritic and oceanic taxa and mean abundances for the area ranged from 1077 m⁻³ at the mouth of the bay to 3794 m⁻³ close to the south shore (station 6). Generally stations closest to shore had greater zooplankton abundances than centrally located bay stations and stations close to oceanic influence. Acartia tonsa and Lucifer faxoni showed greatest densities at shoreline areas of the bay while Oithona plumifera, Undinula vulgaris and Temora stylifera were important at stations closest to oceanic influences. These species were thus considered as indicators of these different areas within the bay. From physicochemical data and the planktonic assemblage, Discovery Bay cannot be considered polluted, it is still more accurately classified as generally pristine with mesotrophic zones in the eastern and southeastern sections of the bay. These data therefore provide a real baseline of conditions for similar tropical coastal embayments.