Cation export from Alaskan arctic watersheds

The concentrations and stream fluxes of Na, K, Ca and Mg were determined in 1978, 1980 and 1981 in the Toolik Lake watershed and in 1978 in the upper Kuparuk River watershed. The annual export of K was strongly influenced by high K concentrations at the initiation of spring melt. Potassium concentrations were positively correlated with concentrations of particulate and dissolved organic carbon, particulate and dissolved phosphorus, and particulate, dissolved organic and ammonium nitrogen, suggesting a common origin in the decomposition of tundra plants. Calcium and Mg stream concentrations were generally highest in July and August when the depth of the soil active layer reached a maximum of ∼ 0.5 m. Precipitation-derived Na and K accounted for up to half of the Na and K stream export while chemical weathering supplied > 85 % of exported Ca and Mg. Cation export rates in these arctic foothill watersheds are among the lowest recorded.     

洞庭湖流域生态安全状态变化及其驱动力分析

通过构建由状态子系统、压力子系统和响应子系统组成的洞庭湖流域生态安全评价系统,重点研究了该流域的生态安全变化趋势,并采用因子分析方法探究其驱动力。结果表明,1949年以来,流域生态安全变化表现出如下特征:系统状态指数明显下降,波动性和阶段性显著;系统压力指数1990年后呈下降趋势;系统响应指数一直呈增长趋势;生态安全度自1990年以来开始稳步上升。因子分析表明,流域生态风险是自然和人为因素叠加的结果,农民人均收入增加、农业人口占总人口比例减少、单位面积土地产值和单位土地面积生态建设投入增加,是促进流域生态安全度提高的决定性因素。同时,本文提出了提高流域生态安全度的相关对策。     

气候变化对滇西北碧塔海流域景观演变的影响

气候变化是景观演变的重要驱动力,高海拔地带生态系统对气候变化的响应较为敏感和迅速。选择地处青藏高原东南缘,受人为干扰相对较小的碧塔海流域为研究对象,利用1958—2011年气象资料以及1955、1974、1981、1994、2005和2011年6个年代的景观类型面积,采用气候倾向率估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验方法和Pearson相关系数等统计方法,研究了香格里拉县气候变化背景下碧塔海流域景观演变特征。结果表明:(1)1958—2011年来,滇西北香格里拉县多年平均气温为5.9℃,多年平均活动积温为2146.1℃,多年平均年极端高温为24.3℃,多年平均年极端低温为-18.6℃,多年平均降水量为631.7mm。气温、活动积温和年极端低温呈显著上升趋势,近54年来气温平均上升了1.94℃,升温速率远高于云南和全国水平。年极端高温和降水量呈增加趋势,但增加不明显。滇西北高原碧塔海流域背景气候呈现显著的变暖趋势。(2)1955—2011年来,碧塔海流域自然景观演变规律为草甸和灌草丛向有林地演变,气温、活动积温和年极端低温升高趋势与有林地景观面积的增加趋势大体一致,与草甸和灌草丛变化趋势相反。(3)气温、活动积温和年极端低温与碧塔海流域草甸、灌草丛和有林地的景观面积变化具有显著的相关性,是流域景观演变的主导气候要素,在草甸和灌草丛演变成有林地的过程中发挥着重要作用。极端高温和降水量对流域景观演变的作用相对较弱。     

Pure species in a continuum of genetic and morphological variation: sympatric oaks at the edge of their range

Background and Aims Studies on oaks (Quercus spp.) have often been hampered by taxonomic confusion, a situation further compounded by the occurrence of extensive interspecific hybridization. In the present study, a combination of genetic and morphological analyses was used to examine sympatric populations of Q. petraea and Q. robur at the north-western edge of their ranges in Northern Ireland, since it had previously been suggested that hybridization could facilitate the apparent rapid, long-distance dispersal of oaks following the glaciations.Methods Samples were collected from 24 sites across Northern Ireland that had been previously designated as ancient or semi-natural woodland. Genotypes were obtained from a total of 950 trees using 12 nuclear microsatellite loci, and admixture coefficients were calculated based on a Bayesian clustering approach. Individuals were also classified as Q. petraea, Q. robur or hybrids based on two objective morphometric characters shown previously to delineate pure individuals effectively. Genetically ‘pure’ individuals of both species, as defined by the Bayesian clustering, were also genotyped for five chloroplast microsatellites.Key Results Genetic and morphological analyses both indicated the presence of pure individuals of both species, as well as a continuum of intermediates. There was a good agreement between the molecular and morphological classification, with a generally clear separation between pure individuals.Conclusions Despite millennia of hybridization and introgression, genetically and morphologically pure individuals of both Q. petraea and Q. robur can be found at the edge of their range, where both species occur sympatrically. The high proportion of individuals exhibiting introgression compared with previous studies may reflect the historical role of hybridization in facilitating dispersal following the glaciations. This is further supported by the significantly higher chloroplast diversity in Q. robur compared with Q. petraea.     

坡改梯工程对胡家山小流域非点源污染负荷时空变化的影响

以丹江口库区胡家山小流域为研究对象,利用2005、2010和2015年3个时期的Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像,结合长期野外观测资料,应用输出系数模型,在GIS技术支持下,研究了以坡改梯工程为主要内容的小流域综合治理工程实施前后,流域非点源污染总氮(TN)负荷的时空变化及其影响因素.结果表明: 由于坡改梯工程的实施,流域内坡度15°以上区域的耕地面积明显增加,林地和荒地面积有所减少.流域非点源污染TN负荷由工程实施前的63028 kg增加到2010年的72778 kg ,实施后则降低到46876 kg.其中,农村生活的贡献率较高,3期平均贡献率为53.5%,但呈逐年减少趋势;土地利用的贡献率平均为45%,呈逐年增加趋势;畜禽养殖贡献率始终较低.流域非点源氮素负荷强度的空间分布在工程实施前后发生了较为明显的变化.实施前,高负荷强度区主要集中在5°～15°坡度区间,实施后高负荷强度区集中在15°～35°区间,5°～8°区间成为低负荷强度区;在时间变化上,0°～8°坡度区间的TN负荷强度随时间的变化较小,8°以上坡度区间,表现为先增加后减少的趋势.随着村落污水、垃圾和畜禽粪便得到治理,居民生活、畜禽养殖非点源氮素输出明显减少;由于坡改梯工程的实施,耕地面积增加了31%.     

Riparian control on NO3 −, DOC, and dissolved Fe concentrations in mountainous streams, northern Japan

We evaluated (1) the longitudinal pattern of stream chemistry and (2) the effects of the riparian zone on this longitudinal pattern for nitrate (NO₃ ⁻), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total dissolved iron (Fe). We selected two small watersheds; the “southern watershed” had an extending riparian wetland and the “northern watershed” had a narrow riparian area. Stream NO₃ ⁻ concentrations decreased from the spring to outlet of both watersheds. In the southern watershed, stream DOC concentration decreased from the spring to midstream and then increased to the outlet. Stream Fe concentration in the southern watershed longitudinally increased. On the other hand, the northern watershed exhibited no longitudinal pattern for DOC and Fe concentrations. In both watersheds, while NO₃ ⁻ concentrations in the soil and ground water were lower than those in the stream waters, DOC and Fe concentrations exhibited the opposite patterns. The longitudinal decreases of NO₃ ⁻ concentrations in both streams and increase of stream Fe in the southern watershed mainly resulted from the inflow of the soil and ground water to the stream. The decrease in stream DOC from the spring to midstream in the southern watershed was due to the deep groundwater having low DOC, while the subsequent increase to the surrounding soil and ground water. Moreover, considerations of stream solute flow with soil and ground water chemistry suggested other mechanisms adding NO₃ ⁻ and removing/diluting DOC and Fe, especially for the northern watershed; coexistence of oxidizing and reducing conditions in the riparian zone might control the longitudinal concentration change in the stream water chemistry.     

北美五大湖保护管理对鄱阳湖发展之启示

拥有全球20％地表淡水资源的北美五大湖和中国第一大淡水湖——鄱阳湖,近年来面临相似挑战：生态环境脆弱,经济发展滞后,管理政策脱节。回顾了五大湖地区发展过程、存在问题及相应组织管理和发展战略。在此基础上,对鄱阳湖生态保护和经济发展提出了相关建议。认为鄱阳湖地处长江中游,具有多功能和多样化的生态系统。鄱阳湖的发展必须依据生态系统理论和方法,以水为中心,打造全国第一大淡水湖品牌,把鄱阳湖建设成为长江中游生态、技术、旅游服务和贸易中心。