不同密度格木幼林的土壤理化与林下植被特征

为探索适合格木(Erythrophleum fordii)人工林在幼龄阶段的种植密度,在不同林分密度(2 m×1 m、2 m×2 m、2 m×3 m、3 m×3 m)的6 a生格木人工林下设置标准样地,采用土壤质量评价和灰色关联度等方法,探究不同密度下格木幼林的土壤理化与林下植被特征。结果表明,密度2 m×3 m下的林木胸径、树高最优,较最低水平高16.7%、27.9%;土壤总孔隙度最大,全N、硝态N、铵态N含量最高,灌木草本多样性最高。相关性分析表明土壤化学性质对灌木草本的多样性影响最大。不同林分密度下格木幼林土壤理化性质及林下植物多样性有显著差异,因此,选择合适的林分密度对人工林土壤肥力的可持续利用及林分的经营培育至关重要。     

Woody plant encroachment in granite barrens on the Frontenac Arch,eastern Ontario,Canada

Aims

Woody plant encroachment is a widespread phenomenon affecting treeless or sparsely treed habitats. We aimed to determine the extent and timing of tree and shrub encroachment into rock barrens of eastern Ontario over the last century, and to assess implications for their ongoing management.

Location

Queen's University Biological Station in the Frontenac Arch ecoregion.

Methods

We quantified the extent of change in woody vegetation in 290 rock barrens using aerial photography from 1925, 1965, and 2008. Composition and structure of woody plant communities in 10 barrens was subsequently quantified in the field using plot-based sampling. Cores or cross-sections were obtained from individuals >1.5 m height and dendrochronological techniques were used to determine their age and identify temporal patterns of any woody encroachment.

Results

Aerial photography indicated that the mean proportion of woody plant cover in barrens increased 22.5% from 1925 to 2008. Dendroecological analysis supported this. Few trees were present prior to 1900 and most established since 1960. Fraxinus americana, Juniperus virginiana, and Juniperus communis were the most common woody species colonizing the barrens. Remnants of large Pinus strobus stumps with extensive charring were found in 90% of the sampled barrens at a mean density of 22.6 stumps ha⁻¹.

Conclusions

Rock barrens on the Frontenac Arch have changed substantially over the past century; gradually being colonized by trees and shrubs and losing their distinctly open character. Active management — including prescribed fire and mechanical thinning — may be necessary if there is a desire to maintain these barrens and the rare species they support as components of the region's biodiversity. However, identification of a reference state for restoration is complicated by the fact that the structure and composition of these habitats were undoubtedly altered by European land clearance in the 19th century, and that some of these areas likely existed as pine woodlands before that.     

Vegetation change in acidic dry grasslands in Moravia (Czech Republic) over three decades: Slow decrease in habitat quality after grazing cessation

Aims

Shallow soils on acidic bedrock in dry areas of Central Europe support dry grasslands and heathlands that were formerly used as extensive pastures. These habitats are of high conservation value, but their abandonment in the 20th century triggered slow natural succession that poses a threat to specialized plant species. We asked how this vegetation and its plant diversity have changed over the past three decades and whether protected areas have positively affected habitat quality.

Location

Southwestern and central Moravia, Czech Republic.

Methods

In 2018–2019, we resurveyed 94 vegetation plots first sampled in 1986–1991 at 47 acidic dry grassland and heathland sites. We compared the number of all vascular plant species, Red List species and alien species per plot using parametric and non-parametric tests, life-form spectra using the chi-square test, species composition using detrended correspondence analysis, and indicator values using a permutation test. We also compared these changes between sites within and outside protected areas.

Results

Vegetation changes over the past three decades have been relatively small. However, we detected a decrease in total species richness, the number of Red List species and the number of characteristic species of dry grasslands. Neophytes were infrequent, while archaeophytes increased slightly. The competitive tall grass Arrhenatherum elatius, annual species and young woody plants increased in abundance or newly established at many sites. Indicator values did not change except for a slight increase in nutrient values. These negative trends occurred both within and outside protected areas but were more pronounced outside.

Conclusions

Formerly grazed acidic dry grasslands and heathlands in Moravia are slowly losing habitat specialists, including threatened plant species, and are increasingly dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius. Conservation management, especially cutting in protected areas, slows down the negative trends of decline in plant diversity and habitat quality but is insufficient to halt these processes completely.     

Comparison of European and US biological indicators for ethylene oxide sterilization

Summary Biological indicators (BIs) are used to monitor ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization processes for medical devices. Several European and United States BIs for EO sterilization were evaluated for resistance according to both United States Pharmacopeia (USP) XXI and United Kingdom's (UK) tests for D-values. US BIs areB. subtilis var. niger spores on paper strips or disc carriers while European BIs use aluminum strips, quartz sand, or cotton yarn. Numerous BIs per run and runs per lot, as well as 2–3 different lots of BIs from each manufacturer, were examined. Both British and US BIs met their respective label claims for rates of inactivation when tested against British and USP EO test parameters, respectively. However, Danish BIs, on cotton yarn or quartz sand, were not inactivated following USP specifications during the exposure dwell times tested (600 mg L^–1 EO, 54°C, 60% RH, 0–110 min). The Danish BIs will require further testing in order for us to determine if theirB. subtilis spores are unusually resistant to EO or if the spore carrier substrates protect the spores from the sterilizing gas. In conclusion, the British and American BIs for EO sterilization are equivalent in resistance despite differences in carrier substrate, recovery conditions, calculation methods for D-values, and the labeled sterilization conditions for use.     

Elevated CO2 and the mineral content of herbaceous and woody plants

The CO₂ enrichment effects (300–650 µmol mol^-1) on mineral concentration (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn), absolute total mineral contents per individual and of whole stands of four herbaceous (Trifolium repens L.,Trifolium pratense L.,Lolium perenne L.,Festuca pratensis HUDS.) and two woody species (Acer pseudo-platanus L.,Fagus sylvatica L.) were investigated.In general, the mineral concentration of the plant tissues decreased (all six species: N>Ca>K>Mg) with the exception of P. Mn and Fe were only determined for the tree species. Both decreased in concentration (Mn>Fe). Zn was only analysed forTrifolium pratense andFestuca pratensis and decreased significantly in the grass.Despite of decreases in concentrations of as much as 20% in some cases there were increases in absolute amounts per individual and, therefore, in the whole vegetation up to 25% because of the enhanced dry matter accumulation at elevated CO₂ supply.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. R. Bornkamm, TU-Berlin, on behalf of his 60th birthday     

宁夏银川平原沙化土地不同人工林土壤质量评价

沙化土地土壤贫瘠、生产力低,人工植被恢复是重要的土壤改良措施。为研究宁夏银川平原沙地不同人工林栽植对土壤的影响,以银川腹部沙地银川植物园沙化土壤恢复区的2017年3月种植的文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)和欧李(Cerasus humilis)人工林地为研究对象,以邻近的长期撂荒地为对照,对土壤质量进行了研究。2020年7—8月采集土样并测定了土壤物理、化学、生物学等20个指标作为土壤质量评价的总数据集,方差分析筛选出差异显著性的9个指标作为重要数据集指标,采用主成分分析法和Norm值建立土壤质量评价指标最小数据集(MDS),利用线性和非线性两种评分方法计算土壤质量指数(SQI)。结果表明：与长期撂荒地相比,银川平原沙化土壤恢复区人工文冠果、欧李林地的土壤理化性质较好,土壤砂粒百分比减少、粉粒和黏粒百分比有所增加,pH降低;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等主要养分指标提高,蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶等主要生物酶活性也高于撂荒地,筛选出的研究区土壤质量评价MDS指标为土壤粉粒百分比和全磷。2种评价方法下,文冠果和欧李人工恢复林地的SQI高于撂荒地,但提高不显著(P>0...     

1981—2018年新疆草地归一化植被指数时空特征及其对气候变化的响应

在新疆开展长时间序列的草地监测,分析草地生长的时空变化特征,有利于草地环境压力分析和草地生态健康预测。以NOAA-AVHRR NDVI为数据源,采用最大值合成、一元回归分析与相关性分析,分别在年际尺度和多个空间尺度(全疆、南北疆与各地区及其11种草地类型)上探讨了1981—2018年新疆草地归一化植被指数(NDVI)时空特征及其对气温、降水的响应。结果表明：(1)1981—2018年,新疆草地NDVI多年均值0.326,变化范围0.259—0.386,具有轻微年际波动特征;(2)北疆、南疆草地NDVI均表现为轻微增加趋势;全疆占草地总面积41%的区域NDVI呈显著增加趋势,9%为显著减少区域,北疆草地NDVI显著增加的面积是南疆的1.7倍;(3)由于垂直地带性及区域差异,新疆草地NDVI由山区向盆地的荒漠降低;北疆草地NDVI是南疆1.4倍,总体上北疆各地区草地NDVI高于南疆各地区;(4)草地类型植被NDVI对降水的显著响应高于气温,其中温性荒漠类、温性荒漠草原类与温性草原类草地NDVI对降水变化的响应明显高于其余草地类型,降水对草地NDVI的影响更为显著,表明降水引起的地表水分变化...     

2000—2019年四川省植被恢复成效与影响因素

国家实施天然林资源保护工程与退耕还林等生态建设工程,为构筑长江上游生态屏障、促进长江流域经济可持续发展做出了突出贡献;评估退耕还林等生态工程实施后植被恢复成效及影响因素是促进区域植被恢复优化与生态环境改善的关键一步。基于MODIS MOD13Q1数据,应用Theil Sen斜率与Mann-Kendall趋势检验、“基线”评价方法、时空地理加权回归模型等量化不同时间尺度的植被时空变化、恢复成效和恢复机制。结果表明(1)植被覆盖状况良好,截止2019年底,四川省91%的区域植被出现增长,四川盆地东北部、四川省南部地区以及东南部乌蒙山、川西北高原地区植被覆盖较高;成都市内以及周围市区植被覆盖率较低。(2)植被恢复成效时空差异显著,占全省面积98.68%的区域植被恢复成效明显,高值区面积占比71.47%,集中于除成都平原外的四川省绝大部分区域。(3)气候变化对植被变化的影响以不显著为主,气温、降水对四川省植被恢复影响微弱,海拔和>35°坡度面积比等地理环境因子则以弱抑制作用为主。(4)在相对平稳的气候背景下,人均财政支出、耕地面积与人均GDP所代表的社会经济因素是植被恢复成效改善的重要影...     

热岛效应下亚热带城市植被叶气孔权衡特征及其与叶功能性状的关系

叶片气孔不仅是植物平衡光合-蒸腾关系的重要门户,也是影响大气碳循环与水循环的关键结构。分析热岛效应下福州市乔木、灌木、草本3种生活型和常绿、落叶2种叶习性植物的气孔性状间的差异及其与其他叶功能性状间的权衡关系有助于探究不同类型植物在热环境下的适应策略。以福州市区的自然和半自然植被为研究对象,测定441个植物样本的气孔特征、化学计量特征和形态特征,结果表明：（1）3种生活型、2种叶习性植物的气孔长度（SL）、气孔密度（SD）差异显著（P<0.05）,潜在气孔导度指数（PCI）不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。草本的SL高于灌木和乔木,乔木的SD最高,灌木次之,草本最低;落叶植物的SL高于常绿植物,SD低于常绿植物。（2）SL与SD间的权衡关系稳定存在于3种生活型和2种叶习性植物中,且随着不同生活型和落叶习性植物的生态策略而呈现各异的权衡特征,即当SL一定时,乔木的SD最大,灌木的SD最小,常绿植物的SD大于落叶植物。（3）气孔性状和叶片形态、化学计量特征紧密联系,SL与比叶面积（SLA）正相关（P<0.01）,与叶面积（LA）负相关（P<0.01）;SD与叶氮含量（LNC）、叶磷含量（LPC）、SLA负相关（P<0.01）,与LA正相关（P<0.01）;PCI与LNC、SLA负相关（P<0.01）,与叶厚度（LT）正相关（P<0.05）。（4）复杂的环境是气孔性状变异的重要驱动因素,SL、PCI均与年均温（MAT）负相关（P<0.05）。     

黄河流域植被格局变化对水分利用效率的影响

黄河流域横跨3个气候带,是全球人类活动最为强烈的地区之一,特殊的地理位置和复杂的下垫面导致其碳-水循环过程较为复杂。研究黄河流域碳水循环不仅是区域水资源利用的基础,也是实现气候变化条件下双碳目标的关键。水分利用效率(WUE)作为表征碳水过程的重要指标,可用于反映生态系统碳水耦合规律及其相互作用关系。基于此,利用全球陆表特征参量数据(GLASS)的净初级生产力(NPP)和蒸散(ET)产品以及中国逐年土地利用与覆盖数据集(CLUD-A),分析了黄河流域植被格局变化背景下WUE在1990—2018年的时空变化特征及其驱动力。结果表明：(1)黄河流域全域WUE在29 a的均值处在0.18—1.53 g C/kg H₂O之间,存在明显的空间异质性,上游地区WUE明显高于中下游地区,分别在0.66—0.92 g C/kg H₂O和0.43—0.62 g C/kg H₂O之间波动,二者均存在波动上升态势。(2)黄河流域全域WUE在以2000年为中间点的10 a的增速达到近29 a的峰值,流域植被格局变化所带来的流域内NPP与ET变化速...