人工针叶林林下11种植物叶片解剖特征对不同生境的适应性

人工林内两种主要生境（林窗和林内）的光照条件存在着显著差异,而这种差异也是影响人工林林下植物叶片形态和结构的重要环境因子。对川西米亚罗林区60a人工云杉林2种不同生境（林窗和林内）的11种植物比叶重、叶片解剖结构及气孔特征等进行了比较研究,结果显示：林窗生境中11种供试植物比叶重（LMA）均显著大于林内生境;多数阔叶物种叶片厚度（LT）、栅栏组织厚度（PT）、栅栏组织厚度／海绵组织厚度（PT／ST）、栅栏细胞层数在林窗生境中更大或更多,但叶表皮细胞厚度（UET、LET）、海绵组织厚度（ST）在两种生境中无显著差异;林窗生境中生长的各物种栅栏细胞均为长形且长度大于林内生长的相同物种;不同物种气孔密度（SD）对两种生境有一致的响应趋势,但显著程度有异,除三褶脉紫菀外10种植物的气孔长径（SL）受两种生境影响不大,这与气孔特性受多种环境因素制约,且各种因素对气孔作用效应和作用方面不同有关。结合各物种喜光特性综合分析后认为同一群落的林下植物对光生境具有一定程度的趋同适应性;从可塑性方面分析发现叶片光合组织的可塑性大于非光合组织,且各物种叶片平均可塑性与喜光特性基本吻合。     

Huckleberry abundance, stand conditions, and use in western oregon: Evaluating the role of forest management

Huckleberries are major components of the understory vegetation in coniferous Pacific Northwest forests of the United States. Vaccinium species also have a long history of human use. However, little research has been done to ascertain how they respond to common forest management practices. We used data obtained from old-growth, young thinned, and young unthinned Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon to evaluate how forest management could potentially influence species abundance and product supply. Our analysis focused on three species: Vaccinium ovatum, V. parvifolium,and V. membranaceum. Results were variable, but indicate that overstory stand conditions and forest management can affect huckleberry species abundance. However, to assess fully the effects of forest management on these species, studies specifically designed to target areas where people harvest these products are needed. Measuring relevant product attributes such as commercial productivity is also critical.     

Patch structure and ramet demography of the clonal tree, Asimina triloba, under gap and closed-canopy

Clonal understory trees develop into patches of interconnected and genetically identical ramets that have the potential to persist for decades or centuries. These patches develop beneath forest canopies that are structurally heterogeneous in space and time. Canopy heterogeneity, in turn, is responsible for the highly variable understory light environment that is typically associated with deciduous forests. We investigated what aspects of patch structure (density, size structure, and reproductive frequency of ramets) of the clonal understory tree, Asimina triloba, were correlated with forest canopy conditions. Specifically, we compared A. triloba patches located beneath closed canopies and canopy gaps. We also conducted a three-year demographic study of individual ramets within patches distributed across a light gradient. The closed canopy-gap comparison demonstrated that the patches of A. triloba had a higher frequency of large and flowering ramets in gaps compared to closed-canopy stands, but total ramet density was lower in gaps than in closed canopy stands. In the demographic study, individual ramet growth was positively correlated with light availability, although the pattern was not consistent for all years. Neither ramet recruitment nor mortality was correlated with light conditions. Our results indicate that the structure of A. triloba patches was influenced by canopy condition, but does not necessarily depend on the responses of ramets to current light conditions. The lack of differences in ramet recruitment and mortality under varying canopy conditions is likely to be a primary reason for the long-term expansion and persistence of the patches. The primary benefit of a positive growth response to increasing light is the transition of relatively small ramets into flowering ramets within a short period of time.     

Tracking lags in historical plant species’ shifts in relation to regional climate change

Can species shift their distributions fast enough to track changes in climate? We used abundance data from the 1950s and the 2000s in Wisconsin to measure shifts in the distribution and abundance of 78 forest‐understory plant species over the last half‐century and compare these shifts to changes in climate. We estimated temporal shifts in the geographic distribution of each species using vectors to connect abundance‐weighted centroids from the 1950s and 2000s. These shifts in distribution reflect colonization, extirpation, and changes in abundance within sites, separately quantified here. We then applied climate analog analyses to compute vectors representing the climate change that each species experienced. Species shifted mostly to the northwest (mean: 49 ± 29 km) primarily reflecting processes of colonization and changes in local abundance. Analog climates for these species shifted even further to the northwest, however, exceeding species’ shifts by an average of 90 ± 40 km. Most species thus failed to match recent rates of climate change. These lags decline in species that have colonized more sites and those with broader site occupancy, larger seed mass, and higher habitat fidelity. Thus, species’ traits appear to affect their responses to climate change, but relationships are weak. As climate change accelerates, these lags will likely increase, potentially threatening the persistence of species lacking the capacity to disperse to new sites or locally adapt. However, species with greater lags have not yet declined more in abundance. The extent of these threats will likely depend on how other drivers of ecological change and interactions among species affect their responses to climate change.     

川西卧龙岷江冷杉林土壤有机碳组分与氮素关系随海拔梯度的变化特征

土壤碳氮沿海拔梯度变化及其耦合关系是山地生态系统碳氮循环研究的重要内容。为分析不同土层土壤有机碳,土壤全氮及有机碳活性组分在海拔梯度上的分布规律及相互之间的耦合关系,选取亚高山物种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林为研究对象,以卧龙邓生野牛沟岷江冷杉原始林2920—3700 m的样地调查数据为基础,分析不同土层土壤碳氮及活性组分沿海拔的变化规律,总结土壤有机碳稳定性沿海拔主要规律,从土壤有机碳活性组分和碳氮关系的角度揭示其对土壤有机碳沿海拔变化的影响。结果表明:1)腐殖质层土壤有机碳(SOC)随海拔升高逐渐增加,与温度显著负相关,轻组有机碳(LFOC)及颗粒态有机碳(POC)随海拔上升均表现先增加后降低的趋势,土壤全氮(TN)随海拔变化不显著,但林线处LOFC、POC和TN均显著增加;0—10 cm土壤有机碳及全氮则表现为双峰特征,峰值分别在3089 m和3260 m处,与年均温度无显著关系。2)LFOC及POC在腐殖质层和0—10 cm土层中所占比例较大,是表征土壤有机碳含量沿海拔变化规律的主要活性组分,腐殖质层LFOC/SOC和POC/SOC随海拔上升逐渐增高,0—10 cm层则逐渐降低,暗示腐殖质层有机碳稳定性沿海拔逐渐降低,0—10 cm有机碳稳定性逐渐升高。3)SOC与TN显著正相关,SOC是影响TN的主要因子,但腐殖质层TN与有机碳活性组分无显著相关关系。4)土壤C/N和微生物量C/N在3177 m大于25:1,是引起土壤有机碳含量显著降低的主要因素。     

模拟氮沉降和灌草去除对杉木人工林地土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统重要的分解者和地上-地下相互作用的纽带。本文以亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolateata)人工林为对象, 通过模拟林冠层氮沉降和林下灌草去除, 设置4种处理, 包括: 对照(CK)、灌草去除(UR)、氮沉降(N)和氮沉降加灌草去除(N × UR)的野外控制实验, 研究土壤微生物群落结构的响应。本实验分别于2016年4月(春季)和10月(秋季)采集0-10 cm层土壤样品, 运用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFAs)分析土壤微生物群落结构。结果表明: (1) 10月份土壤微生物总PLFAs量及其他类群土壤微生物PLFAs量显著高于4月份(P < 0.05), 真菌/细菌比值没有显著差异。土壤微生物PLFAs中细菌占优势, 其次为真菌, 放线菌的占比最小; (2)相比CK处理, UR处理下土壤微生物总PLFAs量、细菌PLFAs量、革兰氏阴性菌PLFAs量和放线菌PLFAs量有增加趋势, 但未达到显著差异水平(P > 0.05); (3)相对CK, UR、N和N × UR处理降低了4月份土壤微生物多样性(H°)和均匀度指数(J), 但提高了10月份土壤微生物多样性指数; (4)冗余分析表明, 土壤硝态氮和总磷含量与土壤微生物群落之间呈现显著相关。本研究表明土壤微生物PLFAs在各处理下都表现出明显的季节动态; 短期内林下灌草去除对土壤微生物PLFAs影响表现出一定的促进作用, 氮沉降对土壤微生物群落影响还不甚明显, 需要长期的监测研究来评估两者及其交互作用对土壤微生物群落及其功能的影响。     

中亚热带典型人工林常见乔灌木根际效应——以江西泰和千烟洲为例

为了深入探讨人工林内不同植物根际效应的差异, 为人工林生态系统林下植被管理提供理论依据, 该研究以江西泰和千烟洲站区杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和湿地松(Pinus elliottii) 3种人工林(1985年前后营造)为研究对象, 测定林内乔木及其林下常见灌木檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、杨桐(Adinandra millettii)和格药柃(Eurya muricata)的根际和全土土壤碳、氮、磷含量及pH值, 比较不同林分类型下优势乔灌树种的根际效应。结果发现: (1)乔木根际土壤大部分化学性质指标显著高于或低于全土(p < 0.05), 而林下灌木根际土壤与全土土壤化学性质的差异与物种有关, 如檵木根际土壤大部分化学性质显著不同于全土, 而格药柃根际土壤大部分指标与全土无显著差异。(2)除硝态氮(NO₃ ^--N)外, 林下灌木不同物种之间的根际效应有别, 具体表现为檵木pH值、铵态氮(NH₄ ⁺-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、全氮(TN)、全碳(TC)、碳氮比(C/N)、有效磷(AP)和全磷(TP)的根际效应显著高于格药柃, TN、TC、C/N和AP的根际效应也显著高于杨桐, 但杨桐与格药柃间的根际效应无显著差异。(3)杉木的根际效应显著强于林下3种灌木; 马尾松和湿地松的根际效应与檵木无显著差异, 而马尾松的根际效应显著高于杨桐和格药柃, 湿地松的根际效应显著高于格药柃。该研究表明相对于林下灌木(尤其是格药柃), 乔木具有较强的根际效应, 暗示了乔木具有更高的养分捕获能力。但林下灌木与乔木根际效应的差异与灌木种类和林分类型有关。因此, 人工林林下植被管理除了考虑适量保留林下灌木外, 可依据人工林类型, 充分考虑灌木种类选择, 进而最大地发挥人工林生态系统的生产和生态功能。     

Interactive effects of understory removal and fertilization on soil respiration in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations

Aims It has been well recognized that understory vegetation plays an important role in driving forest ecosystem processes and functioning. In subtropical plantation forests, understory removal and fertilization have been widely applied; however, our understanding on how understory removal affects soil respiration and how the process is regulated by fertilization is limited. Here, we conducted an understory removal experiment combined with fertilization to evaluate the effects of the two forest management practices and their interactions on soil respiration in subtropical forest in southern China.Methods The study was conducted in a split-plot design with fertilization as the whole-plot factor, understory removal as the subplot factor and block as the random factor in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations. In total, there were four treatments: control with unfertilized and intact understory (CK), understory removal but without fertilization (UR), with fertilization but without understory removal (FT) and with fertilization + understory removal (FT + UR). Eucalyptus above- and belowground biomass increment, fine root biomass, soil temperature, soil moisture and soil respiration were measured in the present study. Understory respiration (R U) was quantified in different ways: R u = R CK ? R UR or R u = R FT ? R (FT + UR); fertilization increased soil respiration (R FI) was also quantified in different ways: R FI = R FT ? R CK or R FI = R (FT + UR) ? R UR .Important findings Over a 2-year experiment, our data indicate that understory removal significantly decreased soil respiration, while fertilization increased soil respiration. Understory removal decreased soil respiration by 28.8% under fertilization, but only 15.2% without fertilization. Fertilization significantly increased soil respiration by 23.6% with the presence of understory vegetation, and only increased by 3.7% when understory was removed, indicating that fertilization increased soil respiration mainly by increasing the contribution of the understory. Our study advances our understanding of the interactive effects of understory management and fertilization on soil respiration in subtropical plantations.     

热带雨林剑叶凤尾蕨(Pteris ensiformis)对光强变化的适应

野外调查表明剑叶凤尾蕨能适应不同的光环境,本研究测定剑叶凤尾蕨在两种不同光环境下的适应能力,在热带雨林林下和林窗生长40d后,林下生长的剑叶凤尾蕨比林窗生长的植株有较多的叶片数,大的冠幅,高的叶绿素含量和表观量子效率。同时。林下生长的剑叶凤尾蕨有高的光化学效率和较低的非光化学耗散能力,这说明低光植物表现出有较高的能量转换能力,而两种光强生长的剑叶凤尾蕨最大光合放氧速率相似。这可能与在高光下的非辐射耗散的提高和光合机构的损伤有关,研究结果表明,剑叶凤尾蕨通过光合器官的调整对不同光强的适应。以促进剑叶凤尾蕨在不同光环境的生长能力。     

热带雨林剑叶凤尾蕨(Pteris ensiformis)对光强变化的适应

野外调查表明剑叶凤尾蕨能适应不同的光环境.本研究测定剑叶凤尾蕨在两种不同光环境下的适应能力.在热带雨林林下和林窗生长40d后,林下生长的剑叶凤尾蕨比林窗生长的植株有较多的叶片数,大的冠幅,高的叶绿素含量和表观量子效率.同时,林下生长的剑叶凤尾蕨有高的光化学效率和较低的非光化学耗散能力,这说明低光植物表现出有较高的能量转换能力.而两种光强生长的剑叶凤尾蕨最大光合放氧速率相似,这可能与在高光下的非辐射耗散的提高和光合机构的损伤有关.研究结果表明,剑叶凤尾蕨通过光合器官的调整对不同光强的适应,以促进剑叶凤尾蕨在不同光环境的生长能力.