小麦黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构研究

利用透射电镜对小麦自然黄化突变体及其突变亲本(西农1718)叶片细胞叶绿体的数目、形态及超微结构进行比较分析。结果发现:(1)3种不同黄化程度突变体的叶绿体分布、数目、形状及大小与突变亲本无明显差异;(2)突变体叶绿素含量为野生型58%的黄绿植株与其突变亲本叶绿体超微结构无明显差异,基质类囊体与基粒类囊体高度分化,基粒数目以及基粒片层数目较多;(3)突变体金黄和绿黄植株的叶绿素含量分别为野生型的17%、24%,其叶绿体超微结构与突变亲本明显不同,突变体的叶绿体发育存在明显缺陷,其中突变体金黄植株的叶绿体内无基粒、基质片层清晰可见,有淀粉粒,嗜锇颗粒较多,而突变体绿黄植株的叶绿体内有基粒,但明显少于突变亲本,且基粒片层较少,基质类囊体较发达。结果表明该黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构的改变,是由于叶绿素含量降低造成,推测,该黄化突变是由于叶绿素合成受阻导致的。     

Comparative studies on histological and ultra-structure of the pituitary of different ploidy level fishes

The histological and ultra-structure of the pituitary in diploid red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.), triploid crucian carp and allotetraploid hybrids within and after the breeding season were comparatively studied. The result showed that there were six endocrine cell types in the pituitary of these three kinds of fishes, and there was an obvious difference in cell size among different ploidy level fishes. As for the same type of pituitary cells, the cell size was increased gradually with the increasing ploidy level. In the breeding season, the allotetraploid hybrids had higher proportion of gonadotropin cells (GTH) than triploids, and the trploids had higher proportion of GTH than diploids. The results were related to the earlier sexual maturity of allotetraploid hybrids and sterility of triploid crucian carp. On the other hand, among the three kinds of fishes, the proportion of somatotropin (STH) cells in triploids crucian carp was the highest, whereas that in allotetraploid hybrids was the lowest. The results might be connected with the faster growth rate of triploids and slower growth rate of allotetraploid hybrids. In addition, in GTH cells of meso-adenohypophysis after the breeding season, there were many endocrine particles in triploids, while those endocrine particles were released from the cells in allotetraploids and diploids. This result showed that the sterility of triploid crucian carp might be related to the hormone which was not released from the GTH cells. In a word, the present study indicated that the differences in the structure of pituitary among different ploidy level fishes contributed to their difference in the growth rate and gonadal development.     

Ultrastructure of carpogonia and carpogonial branches of Batrachospermum helminthosum and Batrachospermum involution (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)

The carpogonial branches of Batrachospermum involutum of section Batrachospermum are similar in ultrastructure to nearby fascicles, having uninucleate cells with abundant starch granules and several peripheral, well-developed chloropiasts (up to 10 μm long). In contrast, the short carpogonial branch cells of Batrachospermum helminthosum (section Virescentia) have no visible starch and chloropiasts are reduced in size (up to 2 μm long) with few thylakoids. The breakdown of cross walls among cells of the carpogonial branch is also common in B. helminthosum but does not occur in B. involutum. As a result of cross wall breakdown in the former species, 2-7 nuclei can occur in a continuous cytoplasm. Trichogynes in both species contain scattered mitochondria, vesicles/small vacuoles, osmiophilic globules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and small chloropiasts. Polylamellate structures also occur in the trichogyne in B. involution. The carpogonial base was fully observed only in B. involutum and it contains a prominent nucleus, ER, chloropiasts and a pit plug connecting it to the subtending carpogonial branch cell. Partial observations of carpogonial branches and carpogonia were made on four other members of the family Batrachospermaceae.     

Effect of decreased environmental salinity on growth hormone cells in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The effect of decreased environmental salinity on growth hormone producing cells (GH cells) of the adenohypophysial proximal pars distalis has been studied in the gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata L.) adapted to sea water (SW, 980 mosmol kg ⁻¹) and brackish water (BW, 200 mosmol kg ⁻¹). A combined immunocytochemical, morphometric and electron microscopic study was carried out. GH cells offish adapted to BW occupied a greater hypophysial volume (about 21% of the total hypophysial volume in BW, 17% in SW) and had a larger nuclear area (mean 16 μm² in BW, 13 μm² in SW) than GH cells of SW-adapted fish. The immunoreactivity against a salmon GH-antiserum was lower in BW (mean optical density 142 in BW, 159 in SW). Ultrastructural characteristics of GH cells of BW-adapted fish were distended rough endo-plasmatic reticulum and large secretory granules (about 216 nm in diameter for BW, 209 nm in SW). Volumetric, densitometric and ultrastructural evidence suggested that the synthesis and release of GH were activated in S. aurata adapted to hypo-osmotic environment.     

番茄黄化曲叶病毒对番茄叶片光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

以番茄为试验材料,研究番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCV)侵染对植株叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:TYLCV侵染番茄后,叶片叶绿素a、b以及总叶绿素含量分别下降50.2%、24.19%和43.84%,叶片净光合速率和气孔导度分别下降43.28%、27.07%,胞间CO2浓度增加13.04%.与健康叶片相比,叶绿体变形,叶绿体基质片层大部分消解,基粒结构消失,叶绿体外膜和内膜剥离,质壁分离和细胞膜内陷,细胞器消解.研究表明,TYLCV侵染破坏了番茄叶片的叶绿体结构,严重影响番茄叶片的光合作用.     

锈色粒肩天牛触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni雌、雄成虫触角上的感器结构、分布及数量进行观察和研究。结果表明:锈色粒肩天牛成虫触角鞭节状,由柄节,梗节和9节鞭节组成。在雌、雄成虫触角上分布着4类8种感器,分别是2种毛形感器,2种刺形感器,3种锥形感器和1种芽形感器。而发锥形感器和短刺形感器只分布于雄虫的触角上,不同类型感器在雌、雄个体上的长度及分布数量不同。     

低温胁迫下西番莲叶片的生理反应及超微结构变化

以西番莲扦插苗为实验材料,比较预冷处理和常温处理(对照)情况下,西番莲叶片对-6℃低温胁迫的生理反应及叶肉细胞的超微结构变化,以探讨预冷处理对西番莲的抗寒作用及其机理。结果显示:(1)常温处理组在-6℃低温胁迫处理后,西番莲叶片的质膜相对透性、MDA含量随着低温处理时间的延长而逐渐增加,而预冷处理组这两个指标在处理期间都比常温处理组低;(2)常温处理组叶片H2O2含量在48h时达到峰值后出现下降,而预冷处理组的H2O2含量都低于对照,在48h时对照的H2O2含量比预冷锻炼的高1.14倍;(3)常温处理组的脯氨酸含量在24h内增加以后出现下降,而预冷处理组在处理期间逐渐增加且高于对照;(4)常温处理组的POD活性在12h时最高,CAT、SOD活性在24h时最高,以后出现下降。预冷处理组提高了3个酶的活性,其中POD在12h时是对照的2.73倍,CAT、SOD活性在24h时比对照分别提高18.7%和42.7%。(5)超微结构研究显示,预冷处理组在低温胁迫72h时虽出现叶绿体片层肿胀、核膜消失、质膜内陷等症状,但叶绿体伤害症状轻于常温处理。研究表明,低温预冷处理能够提高西番莲的抗寒性。     

霍氏啮小蜂外生殖器及其感器的超微结构

霍氏啮小蜂Tetrastichus howardi(Olliff)是许多鳞翅目害虫的群居性蛹寄生蜂。为分析霍氏啮小蜂成虫产卵器和交配器上与成虫产卵和交配有关的感受器类型,本文利用扫描电镜对霍氏啮小蜂成虫产卵器和交配器的超微结构进行了观察。在霍氏啮小蜂成虫产卵器上共发现了7种感受器,分别是毛形感器1(TS1)、毛形感器2(TS2)、刺形感器2(CH2)、分泌毛孔(SP)、栓锥形感器1(SS1)、栉齿状感器(DS)、浅凹形感器(SD)和火山形感器(VS)。交配器上共发现6种感受器官,分别是栓锥形感器2(SS2)、火山形感器(VS)、表皮孔(CP)、鸡冠状结构(Crs)、钟形感器(CAS)和毛形感器3(TS3)。结果表明霍氏啮小蜂可通过产卵器和交配器上感受器获得与寄主和配偶相关的信息,进而调控产卵行为和交配行为。     

桔梗小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程超微结构变化

对桔梗小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程超微结构的观察表明,减数分裂过程中发生第一次细胞质改组,表现为：粗线期／双线期,核糖体数量消减,质体和线粒体结构简化;末期Ｉ,核糖体数量恢复,四分体时期,质体和线粒体获得正常结构。单核靠边期到二细胞花粉时期,发生第二次细胞质改组,表现同第一次细胞入组相。两次核糖体消减过程,均涉及到粗面内质网的。在和分前和有丝分裂前期存在核周腔膨大形成核液泡现象。结果表明,核糖体数     

Morphology and taxonomy of Stephanodiscus suzukii sp. nov. and Stephanodiscus pseudosuzukii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) from Lake Biwa, Japan, and S. carconensis from North America

Two new, recent diatoms, Stephanodiscus suzukii Tuji et Kociolek and Stephanodiscus pseudosuzukii Tuji et Kociolek are described from Lake Biwa, Japan, where they had been identified previously as Stephanodiscus carconensis Grunow var. carconensis and S. carconensis var. pusillus Grunow, respectively. These forms are compared in terms of valve ultrastructure with populations of S. carconensis from North America. The Japanese species differ from the North American specimens in characteristics related to the central fultoportula and rimoportula.