人工复合三倍体鲤与亲本相对DNA含量及倍性分析

本文通过显微荧光光度术测量了人工复合三倍体鲤的红细胞及亲本红鲤、红鲫与散鳞镜鲤个体的红细胞和精子的相对DNA含量。结果表明：每一种亲本的精子DNA含量是其红细胞DNA含量的二分之一,人工复合三倍体鲤DNA含量等于三个亲本精子DNA含量之和,为三个亲本血液红细胞DNA含量之和的二分之一。以外周血淋巴细胞制备染色体标本,人工复合三倍体鲤染色体数为150,其亲本红鲤、红鲫和散鳞镜鲤的二倍体染色体数均为100。研究进一步证明人工复合三倍体鲤与二倍体亲本的染色体倍性和相对DNA含量存在着明显的相关性。     

Triploid progeny from a female Atlantic salmon × brown trout hybrid backcrossed to a male brown trout

A female Atlantic salmon × brown trout hybrid was backcrossed to a male brown trout. Electrophoretic analysis of diagnostic enzymes showed that the progeny were triploid. However, a few individuals were partially diploid.     

人工三倍体水晶彩鲫的性腺发育

雄性三倍体鱼的精巢发育比较一致,都完成了由精原细胞、初级精母细胞经减数分裂形成精子细胞的过程,有些还见有变态中的异形精子,个别的还观察到少量类似于正常的成熟精子。雌性三倍体鱼的卵巢发育相当复杂,分化多样,已辨别出卵巢发育分别停留在卵原细胞分化、初级卵母细胞形成、少量卵母细胞生长发育和较多卵母细胞生长发育的四种异常类型,其共同特点是都含有一些败育和趋于败育的细胞,后两类卵巢中普遍含有类似于三倍体鱼精巢中的组织细胞结构。     

Transplantation of blastula nuclei to non-enucleated eggs in the medaka, Oryzias latipes

Studies of nuclear transplantation were conducted to establish methods for the production of clones of fish, using a small laboratory fish, medaka, Oryzias latipes. As the first step of the study, single-blastula nuclei of an inbred strain with the wild-type body color were transplanted into non-enucleated unfertilized eggs of an outbred orange red strain. Of 845 operated eggs, 45 hatched into fry exhibiting the wild-type body color, one of the donor markers. Twenty-seven of these nuclear transplants grew to the adult stage and clearly exhibited external secondary sexual characteristics. Fourteen were females and 13 were males. The allozyme analysis of phosphoglucomutase, measurements of relative DNA content by microfluorometry and chromosome counts consistently indicated that the nuclear transplants were triploids that originated from both the diploid donor nuclei and the haploid recipient pronuclei. In the crossing experiments between the nuclear transplants and the orange-red strain, most of the male nuclear transplants were sterile, whereas one male produced a viable offspring with wild-type body color. All of the female nuclear transplants were sterile. Macroscopic observations of their gonads showed that the testes appeared normal and the ovaries appeared degenerated. These features of the reproductive potential and the morphology of gonads also indicated that the nuclear transplants were triploids. These results demonstrated that a basic technique for nuclear transplantation in medaka was established.     

三倍体鲫鱼--异源四倍体鲫鲤(♂)×金鱼(♀)

利用雄性四倍体鲫鲤与雌性二倍体红色双尾金鱼交配 ,制备了 1种新型三倍体鲫鱼 ,并对Ⅰ龄三倍体鲫鱼染色体数目和组型、性腺指数和性腺结构、外形、生长速度等生物学特征进行了系统研究。结果表明 :这种三倍体鲫鱼染色体数目为 3n =15 0 ,核型公式为 33m 5 1sm 33st 33t;在繁殖季节 ,三倍体鲫鱼卵巢和精巢指数明显低于作为对照的红鲫卵巢和精巢指数 ;组织学切片表明三倍体鲫鱼的卵巢和精巢不能产生成熟的卵子和精子 ,证明它们是不育的。三倍体鲫鱼体色为青灰色 ,单尾 ,具有一些介于其父母本———异源四倍体鲫鲤和红色双尾金鱼之间的外形特征 ,如具有 1对肉眼不易观察到的短须 ,侧线鳞式为 31 6 7,背鳍为 18,体高 体长之比为 0 5 ,比湘云鲫的体高 体长之比 (0 4 1)有明显的增加。经过约 8个月的饲养 ,该三倍体鲫鱼平均重量为 35 0g,最大个体达 5 5 0g。在Ⅰ龄鱼中 ,雌性三倍体鲫鱼的个体生长速度快于雄性个体。与三倍体湘云鲫相比 ,该三倍体鲫鱼保留了生长速度快、不育等优点 ,同时新添了体高 体长比值更高、肉质更甜美的特点 ,为 1种有推广前途的新型三倍体鲫鱼     

Comparison of triploid and diploid cucumber in long-term liquid cultures

Triploid suspensions generally grew more vigorously in modified MS medium with 2,4-D than those of diploids. The embryogenic potential of 26-month-old auxin-dependent suspension cultures depended on the line. Neither triploid nor diploid BOR (Borszczagowski line) were able to produce somatic embryos. Similarly, 12–20-month-old cytokinin-dependent suspensions from the same triploid line were not capable of regeneration. Only aggregates from 26-month-old auxin-dependent suspension of triploid line 603 differentiated into somatic embryos. In contrast, 18-month-old diploid and triploid liquid cultures of meristematic clumps (LMC) of BOR retained their regeneration potential. The ploidy level of triploid and diploid auxin-dependent suspension cultures was stable during the first 8 months. However, the ploidy level of triploids remained stable over 26 months of culture, whereas 66.7% of diploid cultures underwent chromosome doubling. No ploidy changes were observed among plants regenerated from 18-month-old LMC. Our data suggest that loss of embryogenic potential in suspension culture was independent of ploidy level.     

三倍体皱纹盘鲍活体倍性鉴定——用上足触手、外套膜活体组织制备染色体标本

以上足触手,外套膜活体组织为材料,采用PHA体外浸泡法,运用正交实验设计,探讨了暂养温度,PHA（植物血球凝集素）浓度及取材时间对细胞分裂频度的影响。根据直观分析,得出用上足触手,外套膜活体组织直接制备染色体标本进行三倍体皱纹盘鲍活体倍性鉴定的最优组合是：暂养温度20℃;PHA浓度为1．00％,取材时间17：00－18：00,3因素的主次顺序：暂养温度→PHA浓度→取材时间。并可获得大量图像清晰,长度适中,分散的中期分裂相。     

Successful Spermatogonial Stem Cells Transplantation within Pleuronectiformes: First Breakthrough at inter-family Level in Marine Fish

As a promising biotechnology, fish germ cell transplantation shows potentials in conservation germplasm resource, propagation of elite species, and generation of transgenic individuals. In this study, we successfully transplanted the Japanese flounder (P. olivaceus), summer flounder (P. dentatus), and turbot (S. maximus) spermatogonia into triploid Japanese flounder larvae, and achieved high transplantation efficiency of 100%, 75-95% and 33-50% by fluorescence tracking and molecular analysis, respectively. Eventually, donor-derived spermatozoa produced offspring by artificial insemination. We only found male and intersex chimeras in inter-family transplantations, while male and female chimeras in both intra-species and intra-genus transplantations. Moreover, the intersex chimeras could mature and produce turbot functional spermatozoa. We firstly realized inter-family transplantation in marine fish species. These results demonstrated successful spermatogonial stem cells transplantation within Pleuronectiformes, suggesting the germ cells migration, incorporation and maturation within order were conserved across a wide range of teleost species.     

Distribution and reproductive capacity of natural triploid individuals and occurrence of unreduced eggs as a cause of polyploidization in the loach,Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) were collected from 35 localities in Japan and assayed by flow cytometry to determine ploidy status. No tetraploids were found, with samples from 33 localities having no or few (1.2–3.2%) triploids. Samples collected from Ichinomiya Town, Aichi Prefecture, showed a relatively high rate of triploidy (7.7%). Samples collected from a fish farm in Hirokami Village, Niigata Prefecture, also showed high proportions of triploids (2.0–15.8%), these triploid males being sterile, but the females producing both large-sized triploid and small-sized haploid eggs. Such eggs developed bisexually rather than gynogenetically, giving rise to viable tetraploid and diploid offspring after normal fertilization. Of eight diploid females obtained from the same locality, one produced a high incidence of viable diploid gynogens (55%) after gynogenetic induction by fertilization with UV-irradiated spermatozoa. These observations indicated the presence of diploid fish which produced both diploid and haploid eggs. Thus, triploid and diploid individuals were also produced after fertilization with haploid spermatozoa. These results suggested that the occurrence of such unreduced eggs may be a cause of natural polyploidization in this species.     

Spermatozoa in triploids of the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus

Artificially induced triploid male Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus showed typical nuptial colorations, irrespective of spermiation. In milt from triploids, abnormal spermatozoa (malformation of the head and mitochondrion, excessive formation of the head, mitochondrion and flagellum, and no flagellum) occurred at 78°4% frequency. Spermatozoa with multiflagella were most common, often with a saccate-like organ. Many triploid spermatozoa moved actively as long as those of diploids (10·92±0·91 min=mean±S.D., P >0·05), but did not advance like diploids, spinning around until movement ceased. The sperm density in triploids was < 2% of that from diploids. In triploid testes, deformed and variously sized spermatids were often observed, and normal spermatids and spermatozoa were seldom recognized. The DNA content of triploid spermatozoa varied greatly, compared with that of diploids. Peak of sperm DNA content differed slightly between two triploid samples with two peaks at 1·5 n and 1·9 n ( P <0·0001 in both), respectively. Triploids had the greatest average sperm head diameter of 2·25±0·67 μm (mean±S.D.), while that of diploids was 1·83±0·15 μm ( P =0·002). In the fertilization test using the eggs of diploids ( n =1500, 30 trials), only one egg developed. The embryo chromosome number was 60 (2·5 n) and the ploidy of spermatozoa contributing to fertilization appears to be 1·5 n. The extremely low fertility of triploid R. o. ocellatus spermatozoa seems to be caused by the reduced motility and large head size of spermatozoa, and the low sperm density of the milt. The ploidy of spermatozoa that are successful in fertilization is likely to be related to the distribution pattern in the DNA content of cells.