Isolation of differential genes in suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata induced by additional taxol

Addition of taxol into suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata induced cell apoptosis, which was confirmed by gel electrophoresis of the DNA ladders indicating the progressive delineation of fragmented nuclear DNA (nDNA) into distinct bodies. The additional taxol not only changed the microtubule assembly of cells, but also affected the gene expression. Fourteen cDNA fragments, named as TIGT9-22, were isolated after addition of taxol and their GenBank accession numbers were given as BF704560-BF704573, respectively. Among them, TIGT13 and TIGT21 were apparently homogeneous with apbE and carbamoylphosphate synthetase, respectively. Other cDNA fragments showed no significant analogy with the known sequences in GenBank.     

Transformation of taxol-producing endophytic fungi by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI)

The REMI method was used to introduce the plasmid pV2 harboring the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene controlled by the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter and the trpC terminator into a taxol-producing endophytic fungus BT2. REMI transformation yielded stable transformants capable of continuing to grow on PDA medium containing 125 mug mL(-1) hygromycin B. The transformation efficiency was about 5-6 transformants mug(-1) plasmid DNA. The presence of hph gene in transformants was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the transformation of taxol-producing endophytic fungi by the REMI technique. This study provides an effective approach for improving taxol production of endophytic fungi by the genetic engineering of taxol biosynthetic pathway genes in the future.     

中国红豆杉羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22的亚细胞定位及过表达作用分析

抗癌药物紫杉醇生物合成途径中羟化酶的发现是当今研究的热点和难点。文中利用前期分析得到的1个新的中国红豆杉羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22(GenBank登录号:MF448646.1),构建了亚细胞定位载体pCAMIBA1303-TcCYP725A22-EGFP,瞬时侵染洋葱表皮细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜观察结果发现该基因编码蛋白定位在细胞膜。进一步构建了植物表达载体pBI121-TcCYP725A22,经根癌农杆菌AgrobacteriumtumefaciensLBA4404介导转化到中国红豆杉细胞中过表达后,利用荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)和液质联用(LC-MS)分析TcCYP725A22过表达对紫杉醇生物合成的影响。结果显示,瞬时转化pBI121-TcCYP725A22的红豆杉细胞中TcCYP725A22基因的转录水平明显高于pBI121空载体对照组。随着TcCYP725A22基因过表达,几个已知的紫杉醇合成关键酶基因的表达量也都有不同程度的上调,且细胞中各紫杉烷的含量普遍提高。这些结果说明羟化酶基因TcCYP725A22极有可能参与紫杉醇的生物合成路径。     

红豆杉细胞培养中紫杉醇高产细胞株的筛选及其稳定性分析

对中国红豆杉〔Taxus chinensis(Pilger)Rehd.〕、云南红豆杉(T. yunnanensis Cheng et L.K.Fu)和东北红豆杉(T. cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc.)不同部位的愈伤组织进行培养及分析比较。结果表明,中国红豆杉愈伤组织生长较快,其叶片诱导的愈伤组织紫杉醇含量较高,且紫杉醇含量与培养物的外观特征有明显相关性,颜色浅、块状或颗粒较明显的细胞团紫杉醇含量较高。运用细胞看护培养技术,从中国红豆杉愈伤组织中筛选出生长速率达0.52g.L-1.d-1、紫杉醇含量超过0.01%的细胞优株,经20次继代培养,其生长和紫杉醇含量均较稳定。     

Paclitaxel production in suspension cell cultures of Taxus

Five separate cell lines, three of Taxus canadensis Marsh. and two of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc., were used to test the effect of carbohydrates and plant growth regulators on the growth of cells and production of paclitaxel in culture. There was no significant correlation between growth of cells and paclitaxel production. While no single medium was developed that was optimal for all cell lines, it was possible to develop a medium for each species that represented a superior combination of growth and paclitaxel production. A combination of NAA and thidiazuron produced the best combination of growth and paclitaxel production in cell lines of T. canadensis, while IAA and BA produced the best results in cell lines of T. cuspidata. A mixture of sucrose and fructose gave the best combination of growth and paclitaxel production. The addition of carbohydrates midway through the growth cycle increased the rate at which paclitaxel accumulated in the culture medium. The highest paclitaxel concentration obtained was 14.78±0.86 mg 1^–1 (n=3).Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - 2ip 6-(,-dimethylamino)-purine - BA 6-benzyladenine - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - kinetin 6-furfurylaminopurine - NAA -napthaleneacetic acid - picloram 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid - thidiazuron 1-phenyl-3 (1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea     

Nitric oxide reverses drug resistance by inhibiting ATPase activity of p-glycoprotein in human multi-drug resistant cancer cells

Background

Development of resistance to chemotherapy drugs is a significant problem in treating human malignancies in the clinic. Overexpression of drug efflux proteins, including P-170 glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-dependent efflux protein, is one of the main mechanisms responsible for multi-drug resistance (MDR). Because our previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (^˙NO) or its related species inhibit the ATPase activities of topoisomerase II, we hypothesized that ^˙NO should also inhibit the ATPase activity of P-gp and increase drug accumulation in MDR cells, causing a reversal of drug resistance.

榛子产紫杉醇内生真菌Penicillium aurantiogriseum中GGPP合酶基因的克隆与表达

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶是产紫杉醇内生真菌紫杉醇合成下游途径中的关键步骤之一,在榛子产紫杉醇内生真菌中进行紫杉醇生物合成研究时首先要确认GGPP合酶的存在。该研究通过RT-PCR方法克隆得到了榛子产紫杉醇内生真菌Penicillium aurantiogriseum中GGPP合酶基因Pa GGPPS(Gen Bank登录号为KM881430)的c DNA开放阅读框(Open reading frame,ORF)。利用生物信息学方法,我们分析了该基因的序列,并对其编码的氨基酸序列进行了预测。结果发现该基因ORF长度为1 113 bp,预计蛋白分子量为40.98k D,等电点为6.168,表明该蛋白呈酸性。对其进行亲疏水性分析发现肽链整体呈现为亲水性。Pa GGPPS的主要二级结构元件为α-螺旋,并且包含一个异戊二烯类化合物合酶功能域。对榛子产紫杉醇内生真菌与其他物种的GGPPS进行氨基酸同源性分析,发现其与娄地青霉、曲霉菌和费氏新萨托菌的一致性较高,分别为94%、76%和76%。进化树分析表明来自动物、真菌和酵母的GGPPS聚为一类,来自植物的GGPPS聚为一类,其中榛子产紫杉醇内生真菌的GGPPS和青霉菌的进化关系最近,与植物的GGPPS的进化关系最远。对其进行基础生物信息学分析后,我们构建了原核表达载体,成功诱导其表达并得到可溶性蛋白。该研究结果为下一步深入研究GGPPS基因在内生真菌Penicillium aurantiogriseum紫杉醇合成途径中的作用及和构建高产紫杉醇基因工程菌株奠定了一定的基础。     

不同遮荫强度下南方红豆杉枝叶紫杉醇产量的季节变化

研究了在一个生长季节内遮荫网不同遮荫强度下对人工种植的南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)枝叶生物量、紫杉醇含量和产量季节变化。结果表明,在遮荫网89％和46.4％遮光条件下,南方红豆杉枝叶生物量、紫杉醇含量及其产量随发育节律呈现明显的规律性季节变化。在遮荫网89％和46.4％遮光条件下,89％遮荫条件下南方红豆杉枝叶生物量在整个生长季节内都明显高于46.4％遮荫条件下南方红豆杉枝叶生物量;在遮荫网89％和46.4％遮光条件下南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量在5月中旬、7月末和11月末都出现较高峰值,后者紫杉醇含量峰值都明显比前者紫杉醇的含量高;89％和46.4％遮荫网遮光条件下南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇的产量都在11月末期时达到最高,后者明显高于前者。因此,生产实践中可采用46.4％遮荫网遮光,采收的最佳季节为11月末期。     

茉莉酸甲酯对紫杉醇生物合成的诱导作用

本文采用分裂素自养型中国红豆杉细胞株 ,研究了在细胞悬浮培养过程中茉莉酸甲酯 ( MJ)对紫杉醇生物合成的诱导作用。结果表明 ,以乙醇为 MJ助溶剂时 ,MJ的诱导作用以剂量为 2 0 0 μmol/L于继代培养开始时加入为最佳 ,此时紫杉醇产量较对照组提高 71.2 %。以吐温为 MJ助溶剂时 ,MJ的诱导作用以剂量为 10μmol/L于继代培养 d2 0加入为最佳 ,此时紫杉醇产量较对照组提高 2 80 .7%。此外 ,本文对 MJ的诱导作用机理进行了探讨。