不同剂量盐酸羟考酮复合右美托咪定对开腹手术患者镇痛效应及血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量盐酸羟考酮复合右美托咪定对开腹手术患者镇痛效应及血流动力学的影响。方法:选择从2015年3月到2017年3月期间在我院接受开腹手术治疗的患者100例进行研究。根据随机数字表法对患者进行分组,A组(应用1.0 mg/kg的盐酸羟考酮及2.5μg/kg的右美托咪定麻醉)、B组(应用0.75 mg/kg的盐酸羟考酮及2.5μg/kg的右美托咪定麻醉)、C组(应用0.5 mg/kg的盐酸羟考酮及2.5μg/kg的右美托咪定麻醉)和D组(应用1.0 mg/kg的盐酸羟考酮麻醉),每组各25例。对比各组镇痛效应满意度以及麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管即刻(T1)、插管后5 min(T2)时的血流动力学指标,并统计各组不良反应情况。结果:A、B、C三组的镇痛效应满意度均分别明显高于D组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),A、B、C三组的镇痛效应满意度对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A、B组T1时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR)水平均分别高于C、D组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);T0和T2时,各组的SBP、DBP、MAP及HR水平相比差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。各组T1时SBP、DBP、MAP及HR水平与T0时相比明显上升,而T2时又明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。B组不良反应总发生率为12.00%,明显低于A组的36.00%、C组的44.00%及D组的40.00%,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:不同剂量的盐酸羟考酮与右美托咪定复合麻醉对开腹手术患者的镇痛效应较好,并对患者的血流动力学水平均造成一定影响,但随着时间的延长而逐渐减弱,2.5μg/kg的右美托咪定以及0.75 mg/kg的盐酸羟考酮复合麻醉的安全性较高,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Hypersensitivity to very-low single radiation doses: Its relationship to the adaptive response and induced radioresistance

There is now little doubt of the existence of radioprotective mechanisms, or stress responses, that are upregulated in response to exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation and other DNA-damaging agents. Phenomenologically, there are two ways in which these induced mechanisms operate. First, a small conditioning dose (generally below 30 cGy) may protect against a subsequent, separate, exposure to radiation that may be substantially larger than the initial dose. This has been termed the adaptive response. Second, the response to single doses may itself be dose-dependent so that small acute radiation exposures, or exposures at very low dose rates, are more effective per unit dose than larger exposures above the threshold where the induced radioprotection is triggered. This combination has been termed low-dose hypersensitivity (HRS) and induced radioresistance (IRR) as the dose increases. Both the adaptive response and HRS/IRR have been well documented in studies with yeast, bacteria, protozoa, algae, higher plant cells, insect cells, mammalian and human cells in vitro, and in studies on animal models in vivo. There is indirect evidence that the HRS/IRR phenomenon in response to single doses is a manifestation of the same underlying mechanism that determines the adaptive response in the two-dose case and that it can be triggered by high and low LET radiations as well as a variety of other stress-inducing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and chemotherapeutic agents although exact homology remains to be tested. Little is currently known about the precise nature of this underlying mechanism, but there is evidence that it operates by increasing the amount and rate of DNA repair, rather than by indirect mechanisms such as modulation of cell-cycle progression or apoptosis. Changed expression of some genes, only in response to low and not high doses, may occur within a few hours of irradiation and this would be rapid enough to explain the phenomenon of induced radioresistance although its specific molecular components have yet to be identified.     

农药亚致死剂量对小菜蛾及优姬蜂种群动力学的影响(英文)

本研究通过用农药农蒙特(25×10~(-6))和氯氰菊酯(20×10~(-6))处理,采用生命表技术和控制效应来评判农药亚致死剂量对田间小菜蛾和优姬蜂种群动力学的影响。结果表明,农蒙特和氯氰菊酯对优姬蜂种群的控制效应大于对小菜蛾种群的控制效应,寄生在农蒙特处理的小菜蛾幼虫体内的优姬蜂幼虫的死亡率显著地高于氯氰菊酯处理的和对照的,表现出农蒙特对寄生蜂影响的深远性。     

乙基多杀菌素和印楝素对西花蓟马生长发育及繁殖的亚致死效应

为探讨乙基多杀菌素和印楝素对西花蓟马的亚致死效应,采用浸叶法确定了它们对西花蓟马2龄若虫的亚致死浓度(LC₂₅),并研究了该浓度下两种生物源农药对西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖力的影响.结果表明: 两种生物源农药亚致死浓度处理对西花蓟马均有不同程度的影响.在两性生殖方式下,乙基多杀菌素对西花蓟马产卵前期、雌成虫寿命和产卵量均无显著影响,但雄成虫寿命显著缩短;印楝素处理后,西花蓟马产卵量显著降低,产卵前期明显延长.在孤雌生殖方式下,不论乙基多杀菌素和印楝素处理,西花蓟马产卵前期均明显延长,但只有印楝素使雌成虫寿命缩短和产卵量显著降低.两种生物源农药对西花蓟马次代各虫态的发育历期影响不同,无论在何种生殖方式下,乙基多杀菌素处理后西花蓟马的未成熟期均明显短于印楝素处理.乙基多杀菌素处理后西花蓟马的内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)均高于对照,而印楝素较对照低.以上结果说明,两种杀虫剂对西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖影响不同,乙基多杀菌素亚致死浓度对西花蓟马种群的增长有一定的刺激作用,而印楝素有明显的抑制作用.两种杀虫剂的影响程度还与西花蓟马的生殖方式有关.     

甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素对柑橘全爪螨的亚致死效应

通过叶碟饲养的方法, 利用生命表技术,研究了甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死剂量LC₂₀处理柑橘全爪螨若螨后,对试验种群当代(F₀)和后代(F₁、F₂代)生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 甲氰菊酯LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代雌成螨产卵量显著增加;F₁、F₂代的产卵前期缩短,后代雌性比例增大,且均与对照差异显著;同时,F₁和F₂代种群内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)增大,世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)缩短,且F₂代与对照相比差异显著.用阿维菌素LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代种群雌成螨产卵量显著下降; F₁和F₂代的产卵量也显著下降,但后代雌性比例增大,产卵前期显著缩短;F₁和F₂代的种群r_m和λ增大,T和Dt缩短,且F₂代比F₁代更为明显.总体来看,甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死浓度LC₂₀对柑橘全爪螨的影响并不完全相同,甲氰菊酯能够促进当代种群的发展,而阿维菌素对当代种群有一定的抑制作用;但两种杀螨剂亚致死浓度处理柑橘全爪螨对后代种群都有一定的促进作用.研究结果对柑橘全爪螨综合防治策略的制定有一定的指导意义.     

标准剂量与小剂量美罗华在原发免疫性血小板减少症治疗中的临床研究

目的:比较标准剂量美罗华与小剂量美罗华治疗原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)中的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选取哈尔滨医科大学附属第一、第二医院自2010年-2015年常规治疗无效的原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者,共18例,分为两个实验组,分别给予应用标准剂量美罗华(375 mg/m~2,每周1次,共4次),患者8例,小剂量美罗华(每次100mg,每周1次,共4次),患者10例,观察两组患者临床效果、治疗前后血小板水平及不良反应的发生情况。结果:小剂量美罗华治疗4周后有效率较标准剂量无明显差别(P0.05);小剂量美罗华治疗ITP不良反应率相对标准剂量要显著降低低(P0.05)。结论:小剂量美罗华治疗原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)的临床疗效与标准剂量美罗华相当,但安全性更高。     

Robust calling performance in frogs infected by a deadly fungal pathogen

Reproduction is an energetically costly behavior for many organisms, including species with mating systems in which males call to attract females. In these species, calling males can often attract more females by displaying more often, with higher intensity, or at certain frequencies. Male frogs attract females almost exclusively by calling, and we know little about how pathogens, including the globally devastating fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, influence calling effort and call traits. A previous study demonstrated that the nightly probability of calling by male treefrogs, Litoria rheocola, is elevated when they are in good body condition and are infected by B. dendrobatidis. This suggests that infections may cause males to increase their present investment in mate attraction to compensate for potential decreases in future reproduction. However, if infection by B. dendrobatidis decreases the attractiveness of their calls, infected males might experience decreased reproductive success despite increases in calling effort. We examined whether calls emitted by L. rheocola infected by B. dendrobatidis differed from those of uninfected individuals in duration, pulse rate, dominant frequency, call rate, or intercall interval, the attributes commonly linked to mate choice. We found no effects of fungal infection status or infection intensity on any call attribute. Our results indicate that infected males produce calls similar in all the qualities we measured to those of uninfected males. It is therefore likely that the calls of infected and uninfected males should be equally attractive to females. The increased nightly probability of calling previously demonstrated for infected males in good condition may therefore lead to greater reproductive success than that of uninfected males. This could reduce the effectiveness of natural selection for resistance to infection, but could increase the effectiveness of selection for infection tolerance, the ability to limit the harm caused by infection, such as reductions in body condition.     

The fate of large infective doses of Nematodirus battus in young lambs

Mapes C.J., Coop R.L. and Angus K.W. 1973. The fate of large infective doses of Nematodirus battus in young lambs. International Journal for Parasitology3: 339–347. The fate of 300,000 and 5 × 60,000 infective larvae of Nematodirus battus during the 2–3 weeks after patency was studied in 3-month-old lambs. The proportions of the infective doses recovered after 18, 26 and 34 days were 37, 6 and 3.5 per cent in the single dose and 29,12 and 4.7 in the multiple dose groups. Fifth-stage larvae and adults, especially females, were preferentially lost from the hosts. The numbers of worms present and the percentage of fourth-stage larvae present were similar in both the single and multiple dose groups.     

Post‐ingestive effects of nectar alkaloids depend on dominance status of bumblebees

Abstract 1. Secondary metabolites have acute or chronic post‐ingestive effects on animals, ranging from death to growth inhibition to reduced nutrient assimilation. 2. Although characterised as toxic, the nectar of Gelsemium sempervirens is not lethal to pollinators, even when the concentration of the nectar alkaloid gelsemine is very high. However, little is known about the sublethal costs of nectar alkaloids. 3. Using a microcolony assay and paired worker bumblebees, the present study measured the effects of artificial nectar containing gelsemine on oocyte development. Oocytes are a sensitive indicator of protein utilisation and general metabolic processes. We also calculated carbohydrate concentrations in the haemolymph to examine energetic costs of gelsemine consumption. 4. High concentrations of gelsemine significantly reduced mean oocyte width in subordinate bees, while dominant bees showed only a trend towards oocyte inhibition. Gelsemine consumption did not reduce carbohydrate concentrations in haemolymph. 5. The cost of ingesting gelsemine may be due to direct toxicity of alkaloids or may be an expense associated with detoxifying gelsemine. Detoxification of alkaloids can require reallocation of resources away from essential metabolic functions like reproduction. The risks associated with nectar alkaloid consumption are tied to both the social and nutritional status of the bee.