基于Biolog-ECO方法的两种不同草原中5种不同植物根际土壤微生物群落特征

【背景】土壤微生物是草原生态系统的重要组成部分,在调节植物生长、促进土壤结构的形成及维持草原生态系统功能和稳定性等方面有着不可替代的作用。【目的】探究内蒙古自治区四子王旗两种不同草原中5种不同植物根际土壤微生物群落代谢功能的多样性。【方法】利用Biolog-ECO微平板法分析四子王旗荒漠草原中阿德格和格根塔拉2个样地中短花针茅、冷蒿、细叶葱、阿尔泰狗娃花和银灰旋花5种植物根际土壤微生物群落多样性特征。【结果】两种不同草原中5种不同植物根际土壤中可培养微生物数量存在显著性差异(P0.05),阿德格草原中短花针茅根际土壤中可培养微生物总数显著高于其他植物根际,格根塔拉草原中阿尔泰狗娃花根际土壤中可培养微生物总数显著高于其他植物;两样地不同植物根际土壤微生物的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)均表现为格根塔拉样地高于阿德格样地,而且呈"S"型变化。培养96 h后格根塔拉草原5种植物的Shannon指数与Simpson指数高于阿德格草原,同时银灰旋花根际土壤微生物多样性指数在两个草原中差异极显著;两个草原不同植物根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用主要是氨基酸类和碳水化合物碳源,对于L-天门冬酰胺、r-羟基丁酸、L-丝氨酸和D-半乳糖醛酸等碳源的功能微生物显著富集,根际土壤微生物的AWCD和多样性指数与细菌、放线菌以及土壤微生物总数呈极显著正相关性(P0.01),均匀度指数与细菌、放线菌以及土壤微生物总数量呈显著负相关性(P0.05)。【结论】不同植物根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力和偏好出现差异,而且根际土壤微生物数量越高,微生物碳代谢能力、微生物群落多样性越丰富。     

内蒙古天然草原不同放牧压力下亚洲小车蝗的食性及营养生态位（英文）

植物表皮蜡质中的饱和链烷作为内源指示剂广泛用于评价放牧家畜的食性和食量, 但用于天然草原蝗虫食性的评价研究较少。为了探讨天然草原蝗虫的食性及其生态位变化, 本研究以内蒙古天然草原为研究对象, 于2003年7-8月沿降水梯度选择3种典型植物群落（小针茅Stipa klemenzii、 羊草Leymus chinensis和大针茅Stipa grandis群落）, 在每个植物群落不同放牧压力下小区随机做20个植被样方, 样方内植物齐地面刈割, 测定其地上生物量和物种多样性, 取主要植物种测定其链烷模式, 同时采集放牧小区优势蝗虫种亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus的粪便, 测定其链烷模式, 运用链烷技术评价蝗虫的食性及其营养生态位。结果表明： 不同植物群落中优势牧草种类及其比例不同, 其链烷模式存在种间差异, 链烷技术可以评价亚洲小车蝗的食性。亚洲小车蝗的食性在不同植物群落及不同放牧压力下存在显著的差异, 在羊草和大针茅群落中, 亚洲小车蝗是禾草采食者, 主要采食羊草和糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa, 且与绵羊的营养生态位重叠指数较低, 分别为0.0619和0.0172; 在小针茅群落中亚洲小车蝗是杂类草采食者, 主要采食无芒隐子草Cleistogenes songorica、 猪毛菜Salsola collina和小针茅, 且与绵羊的营养生态位重叠指数较高, 达到0.1815。因此, 放牧不仅改变了群落的植物种类组成, 而且直接影响了亚洲小车蝗的食物组成, 二者对食物资源利用存在一定程度的竞争。     

Advancing the long view of ecological change in tundra systems

Despite uncertainties related to sustained funding, ideological rivalries and the turnover of research personnel, long-term studies and studies espousing a long-term perspective in ecology have a history of contributing landmark insights into fundamental topics, such as population- and community dynamics, species interactions and ecosystem function. They also have the potential to reveal surprises related to unforeseen events and non-stationary dynamics that unfold over the course of ongoing observation and experimentation. The unprecedented rate and magnitude of current and expected abiotic changes in tundra environments calls for a synthetic overview of the scope of ecological responses these changes have elicited. In this special issue, we present a series of contributions that advance the long view of ecological change in tundra systems, either through sustained long-term research, or through retrospective or prospective modelling. Beyond highlighting the value of long-term research in tundra systems, the insights derived herein should also find application to the study of ecological responses to environmental change in other biomes as well.     

不同干扰对黄土区典型草原物种多样性和生物量的影响

对黄土区典型草原进行封育+施肥(EF)、封育+火烧(EB)、封育(E)和放牧(G)处理,实地调查分析群落盖度、高度、密度、地上现存量和物种多样性,以研究不同干扰对黄土区典型草原群落物种多样性和生物量的影响.结果表明:在4种干扰类型中,施肥+封育草地群落盖度和地上生物量最高,且优势度指数最高,这与禾本科草占优势地位有关,群落均匀度指数和多样性指数最低,符合“生态位理论”;放牧地群落高度、盖度、密度和地上现存量最低,群落丰富度指数和多样性指数最高,支持“中度干扰理论”;封育地密度和均匀度指数最高;具体表现为:4种干扰类型地上生物量的变化趋势为封育+施肥＞封育+火烧＞封育＞放牧;说明长时间的封育对草地是一种严重干扰.群落丰富度指数(R和Ma)的排列顺序为放牧＞封育+施肥＞封育+火烧＞封育,群落物种多样性指数(H'和D)的排列顺序为放牧＞封育＞封育+火烧＞封育+施肥,优势度指数与多样性指数相反,群落均匀度指数(Jsw和Ea)的排列顺序为封育＞放牧＞封育+火烧＞封育+施肥.不同干扰样地群落生产力与Shannon-Wiener和Simpson 多样性指数间呈负相关关系,这个结论可以用地上/地下竞争的相互作用来解释.     

不同植被被覆下温性草原土壤养分分异特征

以青海湖区4种不同植被被覆下温性草原为对象,研究在自然及放牧因素影响下土壤异质性分布格局.结果表明:速效养分(速效氮、速效磷、速效钾)具有明显的分层特征,表层土壤含量最高,随土层加深含量逐渐降低.紫花针茅退化样地各层土壤速效养分含量普遍低于其他3个样地,恢复时间较长的样地(早熟禾样地)和有外来物质输入的样地(赖草样地)含量较高.全量养分表现不同,全氮含量表现出分层现象,退化和恢复时间短样地(紫花针茅退化样地、垂穗披碱草样地)表层(0～10 cm)和第二层(10～20 cm)全氮含量高,下层含量迅速降低;早熟禾样地和赖草样地各层全氮含量都较高;全磷含量随土层降低没有出现显著差异(P＞0.05),紫花针茅退化样地0～40 cm土层全磷含量都显著低于其他样地(P＜0.05),其全钾和有机质含量也普遍低于其他样地;有机质与全量养分、速效养分均呈现极显著相关(P＜0.01).随土层加深土壤容重增高,退化使土壤pH值升高.退化温性草原在恢复6a后土壤基本得到恢复,人类扰动和自然因素都影响到土壤养分状况.     

呼伦贝尔典型退化草原土壤理化与微生物性状

以内蒙古克鲁伦河流域呼伦贝尔典型草原为对象,设置了轻度、中度和重度退化3种类型样地,研究不同程度退化草原的物种组成、地上生物量、土壤理化性状、土壤微生物数量和酶活性,以及微生物生物量的变化.结果表明: 中度退化样地的群落物种丰富度最大,轻度退化样地的地上生物量显著高于重度退化样地.退化样地的土壤水分、养分(有机质、全氮),微生物量碳、氮,以及微生物数量和酶活性显著下降,土壤容重显著增加.退化样地的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮在128～185和5.6～13.6 g·kg^-1,土壤脱氢酶和脲酶活性均与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与土壤全氮、有机质、微生物数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮呈显著正相关,地上生物量与土壤细菌和真菌数量呈不同程度的正相关.     

Habitat associations and communities of breeding birds in the highlands of south-west Jordan

Abstract

Habitat associations and communities of breeding birds were studied for the first time in a semi-arid region in the southern highlands of Jordan. Birds were censused and habitat variables estimated in different habitat types, ranging from steppe to open, Mediterranean-type woodland. The variation of abundance of several species was explained adequately with multiple regressions of up to five habitat variables. A distinct bird community was identified by using principal component analysis on the highland plateau (e.g. Short-toed Lark, Isabelline Wheatear), in steppe habitats modified by dry farming methods. The plateau was identified as a transition zone of Palaeoxeric/Turkestanian and Mediterranean faunal types. The remainding cluster included species of diverse origins (Palaearctic, Mediterranean, Saharo-Sindian, Afrotropical and others). It was subdivided into three bird assemblages with preferences for following habitat types: Mediterranean-type open woodlands (e.g. Syrian Serin), dwarf shrub formations of higher altitudes (e.g. Spectacled Warbler), dwarf shrub formations, including clearings and the edge of woodlands at lower altitudes (e.g. Scrub Warbler).     

Effects of rotational and continuous grazing on herbage quality,feed intake and performance of sheep on a semi-arid grassland steppe

Compared to continuous grazing (CG), rotational grazing (RG) increases herbage production and thereby the resilience of grasslands to intensive grazing. Results on feed intake and animal performance, however, are contradictory. Hence, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of RG and CG on herbage mass, digestibility of ingested organic matter (dOM), organic matter intake (OMI) and live weight gain (LWG) of sheep in the Inner Mongolian steppe, China. During June–September 2005–2008, two 2-ha plots were used for each grazing system. In RG, plots were divided into four 0.5-ha paddocks that were grazed for 10 days each at a moderate stocking rate. Instead, CG sheep grazed the whole plots throughout the entire grazing season. At the beginning of every month, dOM was estimated from faecal crude protein concentration. Faeces excretion was determined using titanium dioxide in six sheep per plot. The animals were weighed every month to determine their LWG. Across the years, herbage mass did not differ between systems (p = 0.820). However, dOM, OMI and LWG were lower in RG than in CG (p ≤ 0.005). Thus, our study showed that RG does not improve herbage growth, feed intake and performance of sheep and suggests that stocking rates rather than management system determine the ecological sustainability of pastoral livestock systems in semi-arid environments.     

Responses of growth of four desert species to different N addition levels

Aims The increase in atmospheric N deposition has accelerated N cycling of ecosystems, thus altering the structure and function of ecosystems, especially in those limited by N availability. Studies on the response of plant growth to artificial N addition could provide basic data for a better understanding of how the structure of grasslands in northern China responds to increasing N deposition. Methods We investigated the seasonal dynamics of plant growth of four species after 2-year multi-level N addition in a field experiment conducted in a desert steppe of Ningxia in 2011. Plant biomass and the relative growth rate (RGR) of the studied species were measured and their relationships with C:N:P ratios of plants (community and leaf levels) and soils were analyzed. Important findings Results in 2012 showed that 2-year N addition promoted the growth of the four species and the effects were different among growth forms and were species-specific. In general, the plant biomass of the studied species was significantly correlated with leaf N concentration, leaf N:P ratio, community N pool, soil total N content and soil N:P ratio, while only weak relationships were observed between plant biomass and C:N and C:P ratios of plants and soils. In contrast, there was a significant linear relationship between RGR and N:P ratios both of plants and soils.Our results suggest that short-term N addition promoted the accumulation of plant biomass, and the species-specific responses to stimulated N addition can directly affect the structure of the desert steppe ecosystem. Plant N:P ratio and soil N:P ratio could indicate nutrient limitation of plant growth to a certain extent: N addition increased soil N content and N:P ratio, and thus relieved N limitation gradually. Once more N is available to plants, the growth of plants and the accumulation of community N was stimulated in turn.     

荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿林土壤养分效应对群落组分和多样性的影响

为系统认识荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿人工林草本植被特征及演变趋势对土壤养分的响应,采用空间代替时间的方法,以天然草地为对照,构建3个中间锦鸡儿林龄(16a、25a、37a)研究序列,调查不同中间锦鸡儿林灌丛内外土壤植被并分析二者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)随林龄增加,不同功能群植物重要值呈不同变化趋势,其中禾本科植物显著增加,豆科植物显著降低,杂草类植物先减小后增加。(2)α多样性分析显示,荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿人工林16a灌丛外物种丰富度(S)、香浓维纳指数(H)最高(P0.01);不同林龄均匀度指数(J)、优势度指数(P)未表现出明显的变化规律。(3)β多样性分析显示,Cody指数(βc)和Morisita-Horn(CMH)相似指数均表现出16a与25a、37a之间的物种差异较大、25a与37a之间物种差异相对较小、37a中间锦鸡儿林与天然草地物种组成相似,βws指数在25a中间锦鸡儿林最大。(4)人工中间锦鸡儿林存在显著的土壤碳氮"肥岛效应",其中土壤有机碳是不同林龄植物群落组成差异的显著性影响因子,土壤速效氮为不同林龄灌丛外植物多样性差异的显著性影响因子,但灌丛内植物多样性对土壤养分的响应并不显著。研究认为,中间锦鸡儿林土壤养分演替正效应提高了植物多样性,增强了植物物种的更替程度,但建植后期(37a)植物群落存在向天然草地演替趋势。