黑土坡耕地有机碳及其组分累积-损耗格局对耕作侵蚀与水蚀的响应

耕作与水蚀是黑土区坡耕地碳库退化的主导因素,为进一步探究土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分对不同侵蚀驱动力(耕作、水力)的响应格局,基于该区耕作侵蚀与水蚀模型,在定量表达耕作侵蚀-沉积量与水蚀量的基础上,利用地统计学的方法,分析了东北黑土区典型漫岗地形坡面尺度SOC及其3种组分的空间分布特征.结果表明: 耕作侵蚀与沉积速率分别表现为坡上>坡下>坡中>坡脚和坡脚>坡下>坡中>坡上;水蚀速率表现为坡下>坡脚>坡中>坡上;坡下陡坡位置耕作侵蚀与水蚀协同引起严重的土壤流失.虽然耕作侵蚀速率(0.02～7.02 t·hm^-2·a^-1)远小于水蚀速率(5.96～101.17 t·hm^-2·a^-1),但耕作侵蚀在全坡面范围均可对SOC产生不同程度的影响,而水蚀则主要在坡下径流汇集区显著影响SOC的累积-损耗.受水蚀与耕作侵蚀-沉积作用影响,SOC、颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳在侵蚀点含量低于沉积点,而微生物生物量碳变化趋势相反;耕作侵蚀通过影响颗粒有机碳参与SOC的积累-损耗过程.     

山西太岳山南部针阔混交林群落特征及空间分布格局

为探究针阔混交林群落的空间分布特性、种间关系及演替规律,该研究通过点格局分析方法中的Ripley’L函数对山西太岳山南部1 hm~2针阔混交林中主要乔木种群的空间分布格局及空间关联性进行了研究。结果表明:样地内共调查木本植物41科71属76种,以蔷薇科、毛茛科、唇形科、豆科、菊科、百合科为主,科的分布区类型主要以世界广布为主,属的分区类型以北温带为主;辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)、槲树(Quercus dentata)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)和山杨(Populus davidiana)是该群落的主要树种,样地内的林木总径级结构与主要乔木种群的径级结构相似,呈近似正态分布。辽东栎和槲树的空间分布相似,随尺度增大种群的聚集性减弱并逐渐表现出随机分布的格局特征;油松和山杨在一定尺度范围内呈现聚集分布;主要树种均在一定尺度上表现为两两正相关,且槲树与油松、山杨在整个尺度内都表现为显著正相关。山西太岳山南部针阔混交林中各个乔木种群处于相对稳定的状态。     

大型水母声学观测与评估技术研究进展

20世纪末以来,世界多个海域频繁出现大型水母暴发现象,对海洋生态系统、海洋渔业、沿海工业和滨海旅游业带来了巨大的灾难。为了研究大型水母生态习性,进而揭示其暴发机理并进行灾害的预警防治,近些年来国内外学者开展了大量的采用网具、目视、水下摄像、声学技术、航空影像等多种手段的大型水母监测调查工作,其中使用声学技术对大型水母进行资源评估和行为跟踪目前在欧美、日本、韩国等渔业发达国家已经开展了相关应用,在资源评估、运动学规律等研究中展现出较好的观测效果和应用潜力。目前我国在大型水母声学观测研究应用领域鲜有文献报道,通过介绍国际上利用声学技术对大型水母进行资源调查与评估、空间分布监测、运动规律等研究成果,为今后我国开展大型水母声学调查研究提供理论基础和科学依据。通过本文的分析,建议可以借鉴国际上采用科学鱼探仪、高分辨率成像声呐、声学信标等方法对大型水母进行监测调查和资源评估的研究成果,结合实际情况将声学技术逐步研究并应用到我国大型水母资源调查与评估、自然生态习性研究、重点水域大型水母动态监测预警中去,完善我国大型水母监测调查体系。     

养猪微生物发酵床芽胞杆菌空间分布多样性

了解微生物发酵床大栏养猪垫料中的芽胞杆菌多样性和空间分布规律,为微生物发酵床管理、芽胞杆菌新资源挖掘及菌剂开发奠定基础。将发酵床划分为32个方格(4行×8列),采用五点取样法获得每个方格的样品。采用可培养法从32份样品中分离芽胞杆菌菌株,利用16S rRNA基因序列初步鉴定所分离获得的芽胞杆菌种类。利用聚集度指标和回归分析法,分析芽胞杆菌的样方空间分布型。通过Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Hill指数及丰富度指数分析,揭示微生物发酵床中芽胞杆菌的空间分布多样性。从32份样品中共获得芽胞杆菌452株,16S rRNA基因鉴定结果表明它们分别隶属于芽胞杆菌纲的2个科、8个属、48个种。其中,种类最多的为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus),30种;赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus),6种;类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus),5种;短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus),3种;鸟氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Ornithinibacillus)、大洋芽胞杆菌属(Oceanibacillus)、少盐芽胞杆菌属(Paucisalibacillus)和纤细芽胞杆菌属(Gracilibacillus)各1个种。芽胞杆菌种类在发酵床空间分布差异很大,根据其空间出现频次,可分为广分布种类,如地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);寡分布种类,如根际芽胞杆菌(B.rhizosphaerae);少分布种类,如弯曲芽胞杆菌(B.flexus)。依据其数量,可分为高含量组优势种群,如地衣芽胞杆菌(B.licheniformis);中含量组常见种群,耐盐赖氨酸芽胞杆菌(Lysinibacillus halotolerans);寡含量组寡见种群,如根际芽胞杆菌(B.rhizosphaerae);低含量组偶见种群,如土地芽胞杆菌(B.humi)。空间分布型聚集度和回归分析测定表明,芽胞杆菌在微生物发酵床的分布类型为聚集分布。微生物发酵床垫料中芽胞杆菌种类总含量高达4.41×108个/g,其种类含量范围为0.01—94.1×106个/g(均值为8.96×106个/g),丰富度指数(D)、优势度指数(λ)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H')和均匀度指数(J')分别为0.4928、0.2634、1.3589和0.9803,其中香农指数最大的单个芽胞杆菌种类为地衣芽胞杆菌(B.licheniformis)。根据芽胞杆菌种类多样性指数聚类分析,当欧式距离λ=17时,可分为高丰富度高含量和低丰富度低含量类型。微生物发酵床的芽胞杆菌种类丰富、数量高,是一个天然的菌剂"发酵罐",有望直接作为微生物菌剂,应用于土壤改良、作物病害防控、污染治理等领域。     

认知地图的神经环路基础

空间记忆是人类认识世界和改造世界的基本认知能力,与我们的生活息息相关.无论是寻找常用的生活物件,如钥匙和手机,还是外出上班、购物和约会,都依赖我们对周围环境的记忆.截止到目前已有大量研究从不同水平探讨大脑如何表征其周围环境,但仍然有很多未解的问题.本文系统综述了基于脑成像和神经电生理技术开展的空间记忆研究进展.通过梳理以往研究中有关生物体在构建认知地图的神经结构和神经活动规律,提出了海马结构和新皮层对空间记忆的编码环路和表征机制,并在此基础上对未来研究进行了展望.     

红松次生混交林中针叶树与阔叶树的结构差异

红松混交林是中国东北地区最重要的植被类型,在缓解全球气候变化、保证木质产品供给和维护生物多样性中扮演重要角色。该研究以吉林东大坡自然保护区第52林班的水曲柳-红松混交林和第54林班的核桃楸-红松混交林为例,采用林分结构参数一元分布(UDSSP)、二元分布(BDSSP)和非线性模型(NLM)分析了它们的针叶树和阔叶树的结构特征,以探讨混交林中针、阔树种组之间的关系,为低效次生林的改造提供参考。结果显示:(1)多数针叶树同时处于高混交和优势状态,仅有极少数个体处于中庸或劣势;多数阔叶树亦处于高混交状态,且不同优势的树木总数几乎相等。(2)大部分树木都同时处于高度混交和随机分布状态,少量针叶树略偏向规则分布。(3)大部分针叶树同时处于随机分布和优势状态,且不同优势的阔叶树皆倾向随机分布,而处于规则或聚集分布的数量很少。(4)针叶树和阔叶树的径阶分布均能够较好地通过指数函数或幂函数描述。这些特征充分展示了空间格局和径阶分布在不同群落类型之间差异很小,但在不同树种组之间存在明显差异。     

Personality effects on spatial learning: Comparisons between visual conditions in a weakly electric fish

Recent research has explored links between cognition and personality, with prominent hypotheses proposing that personality drives consistent individual differences in cognitive function. These hypotheses particularly expect bolder individuals to be faster, but less accurate, as a trade‐off in cognitive function. However, cognitive processes are typically interconnected and defined in more complex terms than simply speed and accuracy. Here, we present evidence that personality‐based differences in learning rates are a result of differences in decision‐making during training in a two‐alternative forced‐choice spatial memory task. This was examined in the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii in the presence of light, where both vision and the electric sense are available, and in the dark, where visibility is limited and fish rely mostly on electrosensing. The species is adapted for the dark to avoid visual predators; thus, the presence of light can induce high‐risk and the dark low‐risk. We show that light conditions had little effect on learning, with bolder fish learning faster both in the light and in the dark conditions. Yet the relationship between learning rates and error rates indicates that the effect on learning is indirectly influenced by accuracy during training. Speed‐accuracy trade‐offs were not found in decision‐making, with bolder individuals deciding faster and more accurately both in the light and in the dark. Only learning strategy was affected by light conditions, with significantly more fish preferring response to place learning in the dark than in the light, where distal cues were not visible. We conclude that other than effects from the integration of visual information, bolder individuals show a consistently greater tendency to explore and find food rewards during training. This affects their decision‐making and in turn their learning performance. We highlight the complexity by which personality‐based effects are exhibited in spatial associative learning.     

Feeding range of age 1+ year Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis in the Baltic Sea

Using the widespread Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis as a model organism, feeding ranges were investigated using stable‐isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) and body condition. Differences were found between closely located sampling sites in a littoral area without obvious migration barriers, indicating that individual fish had small feeding ranges. Body condition differences between sampled stations were consistent over 4 years. Such sedentary behaviour is important to consider in, e.g. fisheries management and environmental monitoring, as local catch regulations may be meaningful or geographic stability in sampling locations may reduce noise in data.