An analysis of spatial and environmental factors influencing hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) and introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in the upper Kootenay River drainage, British Columbia

Westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, WCT) and introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss, RBT) readily hybridize and introgression has occurred in many drainages across the historic native range of WCT. In British Columbia (Canada), the upper Kootenay River drainage is the heart of the westslope cutthroat trout (WCT, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) distribution in Canada this drainage harbours native WCT gene pools that are thought to be under threat from hybridization with introduced rainbow trout (RBT, O. mykiss). In this study, we assess the extent and distribution of WCT × RBT hybridization in the upper Kootenay River drainage. We used four diagnostic nuclear loci to determine the extent of hybridization in 981 fish collected from 23 sample localities across 12 different streams in the upper Kootenay River drainage. About 14% (142/981) of individuals were identified as hybrids (an individual with both RBT and WCT alleles), 3.4% (33/981) were identified as pure RBT, and the remaining individuals were identified as pure WCT. Although pure RBT were absent from the majority of locales (20/23), we found evidence of hybridization at 78% (18/23) of the localities and the percentage of heterospecific alleles (% I) ranged from 0.7% to 97.1%. Only 22% (5/23) of the localities showed no evidence of hybridization. Spatial analysis showed clustering among hybridized locations and decreasing hybridization with increasing distance from Koocanusa Reservoir, suggesting that the reservoir acts as a RBT source. We found no evidence that stream order, stream magnitude, or stream elevation influenced the extent of hybridization among localities. We compared our results to an analysis conducted in 1986, which indicated that hybridization is relatively recent in the upper Kootenay River drainage and that it is increasing in magnitude and distribution. In the absence of timely management intervention, the genetic integrity of WCT populations in the heart of their Canadian range may be lost. Our results indicate the dynamic nature of hybridization in fluvial systems and that for closely related taxa such as WCT and RBT, hybridization appears to be largely influenced by physical barriers to dispersal and contact between species.     

Spatial heterogeneity and population risk analysis of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, in China

In this study, semivariance was used to quantitatively measure the spatial heterogeneity for the egg population of cotton bollworm during a growing season. The typical characteristic parameters of theoretical semivariance models against lag distances were applied to measure components of spatial heterogeneity： trend, range, spatial dependence, and the strength of spatial dependence. Then, kriging interpolation was used to evaluate the population risk of cotton bollworm exceeding economic thresholds. From early June through early September, the population densities were sampled 10 times in the study field. Results showed that the spatial patterns were related to population density. For its low-density population, the spatially heterogeneous trends were usually of spherical shapes; but for highdensity ones, the trends shifted to Gaussian shapes. The spatial dependence appeared at varied distances ranging from 52 meters to 936 meters, and the spatial dependence was in the range of 0.39-288.60, which changed with population densities. While having high heterogeneity, the strength of spatial dependence became much stronger. Results of population risk analysis showed that there was a high risk during its early stages, especially in mid-June. In August, population risk was so low that it did not need to be controlled.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨果实空间分布及其数量特性的研究

胡杨、灰叶胡杨种间比较,果穗、种子在树冠上的垂直分布均表现为树冠上层最多,中层居中,下层最少,树冠南北侧相比较,南侧果穗量多于北侧.单果种子量在树冠各层次上差异不显著.胡杨单果重是灰叶胡杨的2.68倍,千粒重是灰叶胡杨的1.33倍,单果种子量是灰叶胡杨的2.14倍,单株种子量是灰叶胡杨的1.28倍,而单株果实量灰叶胡杨是胡杨的1.59倍.同一个种不同居群间比较,胡杨、灰叶胡杨均是单株果穗数和果穗果实数各居群间都存在差异,胡杨各居群间单果重、单果种子量差异不显著,而灰叶胡杨各居群间单果重及单果种子量差异极显著.表明胡杨在物质和能量上对后代的投资能力强于灰叶胡杨,生殖策略是通过较高的单果种子量来保证一定数量的单株种子量;而灰叶胡杨单果种子量较低,却是通过较高的单株果量来保证单株种子量,并且较小的种子占据空间生态位的潜能较胡杨占优势.     

夏季绿洲生态环境对荒漠背景地表能量过程的扰动

利用观测试验资料,对比分析了夏季典型晴天敦煌绿洲与周围荒漠戈壁背景地表过程的差异,揭示了绿洲生态系统对干旱区荒漠背景地表过程的扰动特征。结果表明:绿洲地表净辐射日平均要高出周围荒漠戈壁背景60 W/m2以上,约占绿洲净辐射的1/4以上。对绿洲高出的净辐射贡献最大的是绿洲相对低的地表长波辐射,其次是较高的太阳总辐射。而绿洲相对较低的大气长波辐射对高出的净辐射有较大的负贡献,特别是地表反射辐射也有很小的负贡献。绿洲高出的地表净辐射主要贡献于加强潜热和地热流量,还有一部分被绿洲地表能量不平衡差额所占,它实际上可能由一般地表热量平衡所不考虑的垂直热量平流来输送。而绿洲明显低于荒漠背景的感热通量则节省了一部分净辐射能量。     

南方红豆杉响应不同传粉式样的结实表现

采用开花前雌株短枝套袋隔离传粉、花期人工授粉、风媒传粉 对照 及其传粉障碍等几种传粉式样 ,比较不同传粉 授粉 方式对南方红豆杉 Taxus chinensis var.mairei 结实的影响 ;在风媒传粉条件下 ,研究了南方红豆杉不同种植行向、树冠不同方位、上下内外不同层面的结实表现 .结果表明 :南方红豆杉存在孤雌生殖现象 ,平均单枝结实率为 2 8.7% ,与风媒传粉相比较 ,存在极显著差异 P<0 .0 1 ;人工授粉能显著提高结实率 P<0 .0 5 2 0 .7% ;2～ 3月份开花期 ,江汉平原盛行东北风 ,在风媒传粉条件下 ,东西向种植的南方红豆杉有更多的授粉机会 ,其结实情况极显著优于南北向种植的 P<0 .0 1 ;东西向种植的南方红豆杉树冠果实的空间分布 ,受传粉条件包括风向、冠层方位及距传粉源的距离、冠层内外上下层次等因素的影响 ,方位间的结实量按东南西北方位依次为 :2 30 .375粒、185 .6 2 5粒、12 8.813粒、10 5 .4 38粒 ,呈递减趋势 ,冠外层结实量普通高于冠内层 ,树冠东向下外层结实量最高 4 16 .75粒 ,北向下内层最低 2 2 .0 0粒 .     

沙棘木蠹蛾卵和幼虫空间分布的地统计学分析

沙棘木蠹蛾(H olcocerushippophaecolus Hua,Chou ,Fang et Chen)是近几年在内蒙古、辽宁、山西、宁夏和陕西等地大面积爆发的一种钻蛀性害虫,其危害发生在幼虫期,主要危害沙棘(H ippophae rhamnoidea)的根干部。为了有效地控制其危害,深入了解种群的空间结构,利用地统计学方法分析了两种受害程度不同的林分内沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫种群和重度受害林分内卵块的空间分布特性。结果表明:两种受害程度不同的林分内,沙棘木蠹蛾的危害具有显著差异,轻度受害林分内无虫样本所占的比例较大,达70 % ,而重度受害林分内不到2 0 % ;虫口密度在轻度受害林分内超过6头/株的只有6 .9% ,而重度受害林分内高达31.9%。根据全方向的变异函数曲线图分析得知:重度受害林分和轻度受害林分内幼虫种群的空间依赖范围分别为7.3m和87.4 18m,而局部空间连续性强度分别为0 .914和0 .178。重度受害林分内幼虫表现较强的空间聚集性,而轻度受害林分则表现为随机分布。在重度受害林分中,单株沙棘树上沙棘木蠹蛾卵块数量最多的为11个,最少的为1个,有卵株率达72 %。分别采用四种不同的理论模型来拟合卵块的实际变异曲线图,得知其全方向的变异函数曲线为指数型,空间依赖范围大小为3.6 m,局部空间连续性强度为0 .876 ,卵块在重度受害林分中呈现较强     

采用地统计学方法对水曲柳人工纯林表层根量的估计

采用地统计学的变异函数分析方法定量研究了水曲柳纯林表层根量的空间异质性特征,利用地统计学的克里格内插法结合定积分,对水曲柳纯林表层(0～10 cm)各类型根量进行了估测。结果表明:1)水曲柳细根(<2 mm)、粗根(≥2 mm)、活根和土壤总根变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型,其它植物活根符合指数模型,水曲柳及其它植物死根符合线性模型。水曲柳及其它植物死根的空间变异主要是由随机性因素引起;水曲柳细根、粗根、活根、其它植物活根和土壤总根的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起,且空间自相关程度均属中等(空间结构比在2 5 %和75 %之间)。水曲柳粗根的空间变异尺度为13.2 m,水曲柳细根、水曲柳活根、土壤总根和其它植物活根的空间变异尺度均大于33.9m。根据理论模型的拟合参数估计,水曲柳细根、水曲柳活根和土壤总根的空间变异尺度为6 1m,其它植物活根为183m。(2 )平均值成对二样本t检验结果表明,变异函数分析结果基础上的克里格内插法适用于水曲柳样地各空间位置处各类型根量的估计。利用此估计值,拟合其与位置坐标值之间的多元回归关系均为二元十次余弦级数多项式。利用此多项式,通过定积分的方法(积分区间为整块样地的大小) ,估计出水曲柳纯林表层根量为1.5 92 6 t/ hm2 ,水曲柳细根为0 .6 86 5 t/     

城市景观多样性的空间尺度分析——以上海市外环线以内区域为例

景观生态学研究的就是某一空间尺度范围内的景观格局与生态过程。因为景观格局与生态过程中存在的尺度多样性 ,导致尺度成为理解景观格局和生态过程相互作用的关键 ,其已经成为景观生态学的一个重要概念 ,但是由于理论和方法的限制 ,对景观生态学的尺度研究还不够 ,特别是景观格局综合性指标在不同幅度上的变化特征和效应。在 GIS与 RS技术支持下 ,采用基准分辨率为 5 m的 SPOT遥感图像作为数据源 ,对不同幅度下的城市景观多样性的空间分布格局进行了分析 ,并进一步利用半变异函数对其空间异质性进行定量描述。结论揭示 :随着空间尺度的增加 ,景观多样性程度也不断增加 ,另外多样性的空间分布格局也具有显著变化 ,由于受城市发展历史和目前城市扩展方向的影响 ,多样性在总体上是不平衡的 ,尺度越大 ,不平衡越明显 ;不同尺度下景观多样性空间格局的变化 ,与城市景观的特点和城市景观的功能息息相关 ,不过其受经济效益和社会文化效益的影响更大 ;随着尺度增加由于掩盖了更小尺度上的变异 ,导致块金效应增强 ,空间自相关部分对系统总的变异则明显下降 ;景观多样性具有尺度依赖性 ,可以说景观多样性也是尺度的函数 ,在不同的尺度上 ,结果差异显著 ,所以在景观生态学的研究中绝对不能忽略尺度对格局的影响     

我国北方植被指数对土壤湿度的敏感性分析

土壤湿度对植被指数起着重要的作用。利用NOAA-AVHRR数据中的植被指数(NDVI)和我国气象台站所监测的土壤湿度数据,对我国北方地区的NDVI与土壤湿度的关系进行了研究。结果表明,近18年来,北方地区土壤湿度不同区域其变化趋势存在差异,西北地区土壤湿度在增加,而华北和东北地区土壤湿度在下降。NDVI对土壤湿度的响应也存在着明显的区域差异,我国西北地区植被对土壤湿度的敏感性最强,其次是华北地区,敏感性弱的是东北地区;对于不同层次的土壤湿度,也表现为同样的区域特点。但随着土壤深度的增加,敏感性减弱。这种敏感性也表现在不同季节变化上,春季华北地区土壤湿度对植被指数影响较大,其次是西北和东北地区,夏季和秋季北方地区土壤湿度与植被指数都有较好的相关性,以西北地区的相关系数最大,而冬季北方地区植被指数对土壤湿度都不敏感。