全文获取类型
收费全文 | 81000篇 |
免费 | 3316篇 |
国内免费 | 3438篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 714篇 |
2022年 | 835篇 |
2021年 | 2606篇 |
2020年 | 1387篇 |
2019年 | 1806篇 |
2018年 | 1483篇 |
2017年 | 1246篇 |
2016年 | 1870篇 |
2015年 | 3766篇 |
2014年 | 7065篇 |
2013年 | 6505篇 |
2012年 | 5417篇 |
2011年 | 6039篇 |
2010年 | 4411篇 |
2009年 | 3996篇 |
2008年 | 4090篇 |
2007年 | 4504篇 |
2006年 | 3137篇 |
2005年 | 2803篇 |
2004年 | 1927篇 |
2003年 | 1572篇 |
2002年 | 1501篇 |
2001年 | 1150篇 |
2000年 | 1092篇 |
1999年 | 995篇 |
1998年 | 880篇 |
1997年 | 786篇 |
1996年 | 793篇 |
1995年 | 837篇 |
1994年 | 768篇 |
1993年 | 807篇 |
1992年 | 694篇 |
1991年 | 701篇 |
1990年 | 579篇 |
1989年 | 595篇 |
1988年 | 550篇 |
1987年 | 445篇 |
1986年 | 399篇 |
1985年 | 645篇 |
1984年 | 923篇 |
1983年 | 593篇 |
1982年 | 783篇 |
1981年 | 768篇 |
1980年 | 582篇 |
1979年 | 571篇 |
1978年 | 350篇 |
1977年 | 363篇 |
1976年 | 328篇 |
1974年 | 240篇 |
1973年 | 241篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 703 毫秒
91.
M. R. Duvall 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》2001,228(3-4):143-152
Critical morphological synapomorphies have not been found in support of the Acoranan hypothesis, the molecular phylogenetic
discovery that Acoranae are the basal monocots. The previously undetermined pattern of anther wall development in Acorus has been suggested to be one such character. Two main types of anther wall development have been recognized: 1) the “monocotyledonous”
type, which characterizes both monocots and dicots, and 2) the “dicotyledonous” type, which is almost exclusively found among
dicots. An anatomical study of anther wall development in Acorus was here undertaken using the electron microscope. Development of the anther wall in Acorus was found to be somewhat irregular or perhaps even intermediate between the two types although largely consistent with the
“monocotyledonous” type. The presumed significance of anther wall development and other critical morphological characters
to the Acoranan hypothesis in the absence of knowledge about the sister group to the monocots is evaluated.
Received August 28, 2000 Accepted February 19, 2001 相似文献
92.
Benjamin S. Johnson Lexie Chafin Daniela Farkas Jessica Adair Ajit Elhance Laszlo Farkas Joseph S. Bednash James D. Londino 《Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP》2022,21(7):100256
Identifying protein–protein and other proximal interactions is central to dissecting signaling and regulatory processes in cells. BioID is a proximity-dependent biotinylation method that uses an “abortive” biotin ligase to detect proximal interactions in cells in a highly reproducible manner. Recent advancements in proximity-dependent biotinylation tools have improved efficiency and timing of labeling, allowing for measurement of interactions on a cellular timescale. However, issues of size, stability, and background labeling of these constructs persist. Here we modified the structure of BioID2, derived from Aquifex aeolicus BirA, to create a smaller, highly active, biotin ligase that we named MicroID2. Truncation of the C terrminus of BioID2 and addition of mutations to alleviate blockage of biotin/ATP binding at the active site of BioID2 resulted in a smaller and highly active construct with lower background labeling. Several additional point mutations improved the function of our modified MicroID2 construct compared with BioID2 and other biotin ligases, including TurboID and miniTurbo. MicroID2 is the smallest biotin ligase reported so far (180 amino acids [AAs] for MicroID2 versus 257 AAs for miniTurbo and 338 AAs for TurboID), yet it demonstrates only slightly less labeling activity than TurboID and outperforms miniTurbo. MicroID2 also had lower background labeling than TurboID. For experiments where precise temporal control of labeling is essential, we in addition developed a MicroID2 mutant, termed lbMicroID2 (low background MicroID2), that has lower labeling efficiency but significantly reduced biotin scavenging compared with BioID2. Finally, we demonstrate utility of MicroID2 in mass spectrometry experiments by localizing MicroID2 constructs to subcellular organelles and measuring proximal interactions. 相似文献
93.
94.
《Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP》2020,19(3):444-455
Highlights
- •Human spermatozoa possess cells of poor morphology that lack nuclear integrity.
- •These cells can be isolated by density separation.
- •Mass spectrometry reveals their nuclei contain excess protein.
- •TOP2A is a promising marker of this poor nuclear development.
95.
The uptake of two different preparations of99mTechnetium-methylene diphosphonate in fetal rat calvaria is compared. The localization of99mTc after administration of99mTc(Sn)-MDP and99mTc-MDP showed equal distribution in autoradiography. 相似文献
96.
Restriction mapping of the rRNA genes from Artemia larvae 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
J Cruces J Sebastián J Renart 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1981,98(2):404-409
A restriction endonuclease analysis of the genes coding for the ribosomal RNA from Artemia larvae has shown that these genes consist of a repeat unit of 16.2 kilobase pairs (10.7 Mdaltons) and that the repeat unit seems to be homogeneous in size. 相似文献
97.
M. Gaudet F. Villani M. Cherubini I. Beritognolo I. Dalla Ragione S. Proietti 《Plant biosystems》2019,153(4):491-497
In central Italy, Prunus cerasus var. austera is cultivated as small stands or scattered trees in marginal areas for the production of jam and wine. Thanks to the healthy attributes of its products and its ability to grow in different environmental conditions, this variety has gained new interest in the development of marginal areas. We assessed the level of the genetic variability of P. cerasus var. austera germplasm from central Italy and identified a ‘core collection’ representative of the present genetic diversity. A total of 161 trees, morphologically identified as var. austera, and one tree, identified as var. caproniana were collected and genotyped by 14 SSRs. Two individuals provided by a commercial plant nursery, one of P. cerasus var. caproniana and one of P. cerasus var. austera, were used as control. Thirteen SSRs presented private alleles in austera. Seven individuals morphologically identified as austera revealed private alleles specific to caproniana. The PCoA and Bayesian clustering analysis showed a main genetic group including var. austera, while a second group included all the caproniana-like genotypes. A core collection of 31 trees (46% of austera genotypes) was selected. This study can be considered as a starting point for future investigations on this variety. 相似文献
98.
Crislaine Barbosa Daiana K. Garcez Matheus V. Volcan Lizandra J. Robe 《Journal of fish biology》2020,96(1):154-167
Samples of Austrolebias nigrofasciatus (n = 103), an endangered species of annual fish endemic to a small area of the Patos-Mirim lagoon system encompassing the São Gonçalo Channel lowlands, were collected from eight isolated temporary ponds, four located at the known distribution range of the species and four located along the Piratini River lowlands, where morphologically different individuals were found. In the laboratory, fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (coI), cytochrome b (cytb) and nuclear rhodopsin (rho) genes were amplified, purified and sequenced for 100, 99 and 58 of these individuals, respectively. Samples were further analysed using phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods to evaluate the patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation presented within and between populations, while assessing their evolutionary history, in order to guide the application of further conservation strategies. We found that the four new populations from the Piratini River lowlands encompass a different lineage of A. nigrofasciatus that diverged from that encountered in the São Gonçalo Channel at approximately 0.165 M years before present, during a population expansion and did not yet attain reciprocal monophyly. This divergence was associated with a glacial event that was preceded by an interglacial period putatively associated with the dispersal. Moreover, significant levels of genetic differentiation and a high number of exclusive haplotypes could be encountered even in micro-geographical scales, as in the comparisons between populations located within the same major lineage, indicating each of them may encompass independent management units. Conservation actions are certainly urgent, especially in the face of signs of a recent bottleneck. 相似文献
99.
100.
Jan Dirk van Elsas Alexander V Semenov Rodrigo Costa Jack T Trevors 《The ISME journal》2011,5(2):367-183
In this review, our current understanding of the species Escherichia coli and its persistence in the open environment is examined. E. coli consists of six different subgroups, which are separable by genomic analyses. Strains within each subgroup occupy various ecological niches, and can be broadly characterized by either commensalistic or different pathogenic behaviour. In relevant cases, genomic islands can be pinpointed that underpin the behaviour. Thus, genomic islands of, on the one hand, broad environmental significance, and, on the other hand, virulence, are highlighted in the context of E. coli survival in its niches. A focus is further placed on experimental studies on the survival of the different types of E. coli in soil, manure and water. Overall, the data suggest that E. coli can persist, for varying periods of time, in such terrestrial and aquatic habitats. In particular, the considerable persistence of the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 is of importance, as its acid tolerance may be expected to confer a fitness asset in the more acidic environments. In this context, the extent to which E. coli interacts with its human/animal host and the organism''s survivability in natural environments are compared. In addition, the effect of the diversity and community structure of the indigenous microbiota on the fate of invading E. coli populations in the open environment is discussed. Such a relationship is of importance to our knowledge of both public and environmental health. 相似文献