东方百合‘索邦’几丁质酶基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究百合几丁质酶在灰霉病抗性中的功能,该研究以高抗品种东方百合‘索邦’(Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Sorbonne’)接种灰霉菌12 h后的叶片为材料,采用反转录PCR的方法克隆到1个几丁质酶基因成员,并命名为LoChi2(NCBI登录号为MW310626),通过生物信息学手段预测分析了目标基因推导的编码蛋白的结构和功能,并采用qRT-PCR分析灰霉菌侵染以及SA/JA处理条件下LoChi2基因在百合中的表达特征。结果显示:(1)LoChi2基因完整的开放阅读框序列长度为915 bp,编码304个氨基酸,预测的蛋白分子质量为32.52 kD,理论等电点为4.16。(2)蛋白结构和系统进化分析显示,LoChi2属于糖苷水解酶18家族Ⅲ类成员,含有保守的GH18 narbonin催化结构域、跨膜结构域以及信号肽、糖基化和磷酸化位点,预测为疏水的分泌蛋白,且定位于细胞外;多序列比对结果表明,LoChi2基因序列与麝香百合、菠萝和梅花中的Chi2基因具有较高的相似性。(3)qRT-PCR分析发现,LoChi2基因的表达水平与品种间的抗病性呈正相关,其中在高抗品种‘索邦’中的表达水平显著高于中感品种‘雷山三号’(L.×formolongi‘Raizan 3’)和高感品种‘穿梭’(L. asiatic hybrid ‘Tresor’);外源水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)可诱导LoChi2基因的表达。研究表明,LoChi2基因是参与灰霉菌防御反应的关键抗病基因,且该基因可能在JA和SA抗病信号通路中扮演重要角色;推测LoChi2基因在百合抗灰霉病育种方面具有广阔的应用前景,将成为百合抗灰霉病转基因育种中新的候选基因。     

Changes in sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) abundance and harvesting on the Rakiura Titi Islands

Abstract

We estimated the change in abundance of sooty shearwater (titi, Puffinus griseus) at six Rakiura Titi Islands, New Zealand, by comparing historical and recent surveys of the density of entrances to breeding burrows. We found evidence that entrance density between 1994 and 2006 was lower than it was between 1961 and 1976. Our overall estimate of the annual rate of change in burrow entrance density is ‐1.0% (95% CI ‐2.3 to ‐ 0.1%). Declines have been slower on four islands where Rakiura Maori maintain a traditional harvest of sooty shearwater chicks ("muttonbirding") compared with three unharvested islands. Density‐dependent population processes may explain this difference: rates of decline have been faster in areas of relatively high initial entrance density, and historically the harvested islands have had lower initial density. There was a strong, apparently linear, relationship between entrance density and chick density on breeding colonies, so changes in entrance density probably do indicate a real population decline. The western side of Taukihepa, the largestof the Titi Islands, first became accessible for muttonbirding with the advent of helicopters in the 1970s, but it is unknown whether this has caused an increase in the number of sooty shearwaters harvested by Rakiura Maori.     

Video camera count of burrow‐dwelling fairy prions,sooty shearwaters,and tuatara on Takapourewa (Stephens Island), New Zealand

Abstract

Video camera technology is an increasingly common tool in the study of burrow‐dwelling animals. A camera used to observe the inhabitants of narrow burrows on Takapourewa (Cook Strait, New Zealand) is described. Population densities (animals per m²) of up to 1.1 for fairy prions {Pachyptila turtur), 0.06 for sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus), and 0.15 for tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) were estimated in four different habitats. These data are similar to other estimates collected in more labour intensive studies on the island, and provide baseline information for future conservation work on Takapourewa.     

Denning behaviour of ship rats (Rattus rattus) on Taukihepa,a seabird breeding island

Abstract

Den sites of 14 ship rats (Rattus rattus) were located daily during the rat breeding season on Taukihepa (Big South Cape), a seabird island southwest of Rakiura (Stewart Island). In contrast to other New Zealand studies, no arboreal dens were found. Den sites on Taukihepa were in ferns, under logs, in woodpiles, or underground in sooty shearwater (Puffinusgriseus) breeding burrows. The number of times known den sites used was positively related to the amount of leaf litter and woodpiles near the den sites. Overall, 24% of radio‐tagged rats were sharing den sites on any given day. While there was considerable individual variation in the number of times den sites were used, female rats tended to reuse den sites more than males. Many rats were found in dens alone, but frequently males and females shared. Occasionally two females and one male denned together, as did two females, whereas males never denned with another male.     

Antioxidative Pyranonigrins in Rice Mold Starters and Their Suppressive Effect on the Expression of Blood Adhesion Molecules

Antioxidants having a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity in rice mold starters, which are used for the preparation of various Japanese fermented foods, and their effectiveness against the expression of blood adhesion molecules were examined. An antioxidant was isolated from the rice mold starters used for shochu and identified as pyranonigrin-S (PG-S) by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and FAB-MS analyses. It was a derivative of pyranonigrin-A (PG-A), which has been isolated as an antioxidant from the rice mold starters. Pyranonigrins PG-A and PG-S were found to exist in spores on rice mold starters which had been prepared by Aspergillus awamori, A. kawachii, and A. saitoi. PG-S exhibited a higher level of DPPH radical scavenging activity than PG-A. PG-A was found to have a significant suppressive effect on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P<0.05).     

Is the existence of a mutualistic relationship between Lobesia botrana and Botrytis cinerea well-founded?

Some studies have highlighted benefits for Lobesia botrana by adding Botrytis cinerea mycelium to an artificial larval diet and have suggested a mutualistic relationship between the two organisms on grapevine, hypothesizing that fungal sterols were the nutritional factor involved. Because the nutritional quality of an artificial diet should be similar to grapes to allow extrapolation of the results to the field conditions, in the current study L. botrana larval performance was compared when larvae were fed on grapes (berries) or two artificial diets either with or without enrichment with B. cinerea. Based on sterol analysis, the two artificial diets had high cholesterol content, but relative to berries showed comparable and low phytosterol contents, respectively (high- and low-phytosterol, HPh, and LPh). While larval fitness on the HPh diet was similar to berries, the LPh diet led to higher mortality and worse larval performance. The addition of the fungus compensated for the shortage in the LPh diet but did not improve the HPh diet. Supplementing the LPh diet with linoleic acid, which is supplied also from B. cinerea, partially improved larval performance. In a field experiment, females did not show any egg-laying preferences towards naturally botrytized bunches. The positive effect of B. cinerea on the moth's next generation that is reported in the literature could be a consequence of fungus developed inside berry tunnels bored by larvae. Therefore, based on our data and previous reports the existence of a mutualistic relationship between L. botrana and B. cinerea is not well-founded.     

添加芦荟汁对红葡萄酒发酵的抑菌效果

二氧化硫（SO₂）危害人体健康。为了寻找用于葡萄酒酿造的SO₂替代品,在赤霞珠葡萄酒自然发酵和接种发酵中比较了添加芦荟汁（80 g/L）与SO₂（60 mg/L）的抑菌和发酵效果。结果表明,添加芦荟汁促进接种酵母和内源酵母生长,SO₂抑制内源酵母生长,接种酵母、添加芦荟汁和添加SO₂显著抑制细菌和霉菌生长,SO₂比芦荟汁对细菌和霉菌生长的抑制作用大。添加芦荟汁和添加SO₂同样提高乙醇产量和减小酸度下降,降低葡萄酒的残糖量和褐变度。添加芦荟汁提高了挥发性酸度和高级醇产量,降低了接种发酵的葡萄酒色度和提高乙酸产量,降低了自然发酵的乙醛产量,而SO₂作用相反。添加芦荟汁具有减少SO₂用量的可能性。     

校园空气污染微生物的检测与评价

采用沉降平板法 ,选用牛肉膏培养基与察贝克培养基 (czpekmedium) ,分别在夏季与冬季检测了校园不同环境中空气污染细菌与霉菌的含量。结果表明 :校园不同环境的空气污染微生物类群与数量随季节的变化而变化。学生寝室、学生食堂、校区餐厅以及网吧的空气中污染微生物以细菌为主。其中 ,在冬季的细菌平均含菌量为 91 4 7.6 7个 /m3 空气 ,而以女生寝室的含菌量最高 ,达到 2 1 5 4 6个 /m3 空气 ,超出卫生标准的 3.1倍 ;在夏季时 ,细菌的平均含菌量为 1 0 6 6 1 .75个 /m3 空气 ,而以校园餐厅的含菌量最高 ,达到 4 35 1 1个 /m3 ,超出卫生标准的 6 .9倍。校图书馆、电影院、学生寝室及餐厅中的霉菌含量较多。其中 ,在冬季的霉菌平均含菌量为 5 6 8.4 4个 /m3 空气 ,以女生寝室的含菌量最高 ,84 6个 /m3 ;在夏季的霉菌含菌量为 85 5 .88个 /m3 ,最高时为 1 6 6 5个 /m3 ,这是由于卫生条件差 ,居室狭小 ,人口拥挤 ,空气潮湿 ,通风不良等因素造成的     

Evaluation of the lady beetle,Serangium parcesetosum for control of Bemisia tabaci on greenhouse eggplant in the Mediterranean region

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most serious pests of greenhouse crops. It is mainly controlled by chemical means, requiring some 10–12 sprays during the average growing season in Turkey. There is growing interest in finding alternatives to pesticides for control of B. tabaci in greenhouse crops because this heavy pesticide usage disrupts biocontrol and leads to rapid build-up of insecticide resistance in the pest. In our study, the control of B. tabaci on greenhouse eggplants was evaluated following releases of the lady beetle Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). In cage experiments, four adults per plant were introduced and, within 3–4 weeks, resulted in 97 and 98% reductions in whitefly populations in 2004 and 2005, respectively. In a large plot experiment, two adults per plant were released only one time. Beetle larvae were observed through 2–9 weeks after release. The density of whitefly in large plot receiving beetle adults showed fluctuations to a level lower than in control plot receiving no beetle in 2004 and 2006. Further study is needed to develop new managing strategies in biological control of B. tabaci with S. parcesetosum in protected culture.     

不同灰霉病抗性苹果果实中酚类物质代谢特征

以‘秦冠’、‘富士’、‘金冠’苹果果实为材料,通过对损伤接种灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers)后果肉组织酚类代谢主要产物和相关酶活性变化的分析测定,揭示苹果采后酚类物质代谢与灰霉病抗性的关系,为苹果灰霉病抗性鉴定和筛选抗灰霉病苹果资源提供理论指导。结果表明:(1)接种灰葡萄孢菌后,3个苹果品种的果实灰霉病发病率和病斑直径大小均为‘秦冠’‘富士’‘金冠’,而且3个品种间的发病率和病斑直径均差异显著,各品种对灰霉病的抗性由强到弱依次为‘秦冠’‘富士’‘金冠’。(2)抗病品种‘秦冠’果肉组织中类黄酮、木质素含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均显著高于感病品种‘富士’和‘金冠’,但总酚含量为‘秦冠’‘金冠’‘富士’,且3品种间总酚含量差异显著。研究表明,抗病苹果品种通过调节果肉内酚类物质代谢,增强次生代谢能力,其中类黄酮和木质素含量的增加强化了果实的抗性反应,进而提高对灰霉病的抗性,但总酚含量与植物抗病性关系不大。