不同秸秆还田和耕作方式对夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响

采用基质诱导呼吸法和CO2释放量法,研究了冬小麦季长期不同耕作方式(常规翻耕、免耕和深松)和秸秆处理(秸秆还田和无秸秆还田)对夏玉米田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田和保护性耕作主要在O～ 10 cm土层起作用.秸秆还田能明显提高土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,在苗期和开花期提高土壤呼吸,而在灌浆期、腊熟期和收获期降低土壤呼吸;在相同秸秆处理条件下,深松和免耕比常规翻耕能显著降低土壤呼吸和呼吸熵,提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性.整个生育期,秸秆还田结合保护性耕作能显著提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,与常规翻耕无秸秆还田相比,深松秸秆还田和免耕秸秆还田0～10 cm土层微生物生物量碳平均提高了95.8％和74.3％,微生物活性提高了97.1％和74.2％.     

Are Ants Useful Indicators of Restoration Success in Temperate Grasslands?

Assessments of restoration are usually made through vegetation community surveys, leaving much of the ecosystem underexamined. Invertebrates, and ants in particular, are good candidates for restoration evaluation because they are sensitive to environmental change and are particularly important in ecosystem functioning. The considerable resources currently employed in restoring calcareous grassland on ex‐arable land mean that it is important to gather as much information as possible on how ecosystems change through restoration. We compared ant communities from 40 ex‐arable sites where some form of restoration work had been implemented between 2 and 60 years previously, with 40 paired reference sites of good quality calcareous grassland with no history of improvement or cultivation. A total of 11 ant species were found, but only two of these were found to be significantly different in abundance between restoration and reference sites: Myrmica sabuleti was more likely to be present in reference sites, whereas Lasius niger was more likely to be found in restoration sites. Myrmica sabuleti abundance was significantly positively correlated with age of restoration sites. The potential number of ant species found in temperate grasslands is small, limiting the information their assemblages can provide about ecosystem change. However, M. sabuleti is a good indicator species for calcareous grassland restoration success and, alongside information from the plant community, could increase the confidence with which restoration success is judged. We found the survey to be quick and simple to carry out and recommend its use.     

Microclimate and Propagule Availability are Equally Important for Rehabilitation of Dryland N-Fixing Lichens

In some arid regions, rehabilitation of whole system N-fixation may be strongly facilitated by the recovery of populations of the lichen genus Collema . Identification of the limits to recovery of Collema in apparently suitable habitat should inform selection of rehabilitation techniques. We simultaneously tested the relative importance of three hypothetical limits to Collema recovery: active erosion, resource limitation, and propagule scarcity. We found that in our experimental system, active erosion had no effect on short-term establishment of Collema, whereas propagule addition did enhance recovery and microhabitat (a resource availability gradient) also exerted a strong influence. It is possible that attempts to improve N cycling via re-establishment of Collema might be best served by developing economical means of simulating moister, cooler microhabitats, e.g., sloping soil or creating partial shade, which would favor the establishment of naturally dispersed propagules, rather than introducing propagules.     

The Restoration of Phytophagous Beetles in Species‐Rich Chalk Grasslands

This study focuses on the restoration of chalk grasslands over a 6‐year period and tests the efficacy of two management practices, hay spreading and soil disturbance, in promoting this process for phytophagous beetles. Restoration success for the beetles, measured as similarity to target species–rich chalk grassland, was not found to be influenced by either management practice. In contrast, restoration success for the plants did increase in response to hay spreading management. Although the presence of suitable host plants was considered to dictate the earliest point at which phytophagous beetles could successfully colonized, few beetle species colonized as soon as their host plants became established. Morphological characteristics and feeding habits of 27 phytophagous beetle species were therefore tested to identify factors that limited their colonization and persistence. The lag time between host plant establishment and colonization was greatest for flightless beetles. Beetles with foliage‐feeding larvae both colonized at slower rates than seed‐, stem‐, or root‐feeding species and persisted within the swards for shorter periods. Although the use of hay spreading may benefit plant communities during chalk grassland restoration, it did not directly benefit phytophagous beetles. Without techniques for overcoming colonization limitation for invertebrate taxa, short‐term success of restoration may be limited to the plants only.     

Comparison of the effect of hormones on the hormone synthesis of Tetrahymena in medium or salt solution

Tetrahymena pyriformis was maintained in TYM (tryptone‐yeast medium) as well as in Losina salt solution. One hour treatment of 10^?15 M histamine, serotonin or insulin was given before the histamine, serotonin, triiodothyronine and adrenocorticotropin contents of the cells were measured by flow cytometry after immunocytochemical staining. Maintenance in salt solution increased the hormone level in the cells, and use of the treatment hormone treatments further increased the endogenous hormone content relative to that in medium. The cells in salt mimic better the natural conditions, which means that the effects of hormones under more natural conditions are expressed to a greater extent than the exogenously given hormones in TYM typically used under laboratory conditions. Intercellular hormonal communication between the cells of a Tetrahymena population might assist in the survival of the individual cells.     

Evaluation and Spatial Diffusion of Health Risk of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Soils Surrounding Chemical Industrial Parks in China

A case study of the cancer risk to humans posed by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in an industrial area of China, which has a long history of contamination from many sources, is presented. Relatively great concentrations of POPs around the chemical industrial parks have the potential to be chronically carcinogenic to local people. Sixteen individual PAHs listed for priory control by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), metabolites of DDTs, and isomers of HCHs were measured in soils and a human health risk assessment was conducted by use of USEPA exposure models for children and adults, respectively. Geostatistical methods were used to simulate the spatial diffusion of potential carcinogenic risk, and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed to analyze the impact of point sources on the surrounding area. The mean value of the sum of Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (∑ELCR) exceeded the generally acceptable risk level of 1.0E-06 recommended by the USEPA for carcinogenic chemicals. The maximum ∑ELCR was 2.9E-04 for children, which was observed inside the chemical industrial parks. Contamination at the chemical industrial parks caused significant spatial diffusion of ELCR values caused by PAHs, DDT, and HCH.     

Detection of Phytophthora nicotianae in Soil with Real-time Quantitative PCR

Phytophthora nicotianae is one of the most important soil-borne plant pathogens. A rapid, specific and sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method for P. nicotianae was established, which used primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA genes of Phytophthora spp. Based on the nucleotide sequences of ITS2 of 15 different species of Phytophthora , the primers and probe were designed specifically to amplify DNA from P. nicotianae. With a series of 10-fold DNA dilutions extracted from P. nicotianae pure cultures, the detection limit was 10 pg/μl in conventional PCR, whereas in SYBR Green I PCR the detection limit was 0.12 fg/μl and in TaqMan PCR 1.2 fg/μl, and real-time PCR was 10⁴–10⁵ times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The simple and rapid procedures maximized the yield and quality of recovered DNA from soil and allowed the processing of many samples in a short time. The direct DNA extractions from soil were utilized to yield DNA suitable for PCR. By combining this protocol with the real-time PCR procedure it has been possible to specifically detect P. nicotianae in soil, and the degree of sensitivity was 1.0 pg/μl. The system was applied to survey soil samples from tobacco field sites in China for the presence of P. nicotianae and the analyses of naturally infested soil showed the reliability of the real-time PCR method.     

Patterns of introduction and adaptation during the invasion of Aegilops triuncialis (Poaceae) into Californian serpentine soils

Multiple introductions can play a prominent role in explaining the success of biological invasions. One often cited mechanism is that multiple introductions of invasive species prevent genetic bottlenecks by parallel introductions of several distinct genotypes that, in turn, provide heritable variation necessary for local adaptation. Here, we show that the invasion of Aegilops triuncialis into California, USA, involved multiple introductions that may have facilitated invasion into serpentine habitats. Using microsatellite markers, we compared the polymorphism and genetic structure of populations of Ae. triuncialis invading serpentine soils in California to that of accessions from its native range. In a glasshouse study, we also compared phenotypic variation in phenological and fitness traits between invasive and native populations grown on loam soil and under serpentine edaphic conditions. Molecular analysis of invasive populations revealed that Californian populations cluster into three independent introductions (i.e. invasive lineages). Our glasshouse common garden experiment found that all Californian populations exhibited higher fitness under serpentine conditions. However, the three invasive lineages appear to represent independent pathways of adaptation to serpentine soil. Our results suggest that the rapid invasion of serpentine habitats in California may have been facilitated by the existence of colonizing Eurasian genotypes pre‐adapted to serpentine soils.     

贵州省土壤中的暗色丝孢菌Ⅰ(英文)

采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,从采自贵州省的20份土壤样品中分离得到14个暗色丝孢菌分离物,隶属于11属12种。其中,浅色腐殖霉Humicola pallescens为一新种,绿色暗梗单孢霉厚垣变种Chloridium virescens var.chlamy dosporum和印度粘束霉Graphiumindicum为中国新记录。对新种及中国新记录作了较详细的描述并绘图。其余9个国内已报道种亦作了生境和分布地点的引证。所有研究菌株的干制培养物标本与活菌种均存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。