迷走神经感觉输入诱发的鲫鱼Mauthner细胞胞内电位变化

实验运用微电极穿刺技术,初步探索了刺激鲫鱼右侧迷走神经在双侧Mauthner(M)细胞胞体诱发的胞内电位变化。结果表明：（1）直接刺激鲫鱼右侧迷走神经,可在同侧或对侧M细胞胞体记录到一种短潜伏期、长持续时间、分级的、复合的突触后电位（postsynaptic potentials,PSPs)。此PSPs表现出明显的强度依从性和频率依赖性。（2）刺激迷走神经诱发的PSPs可使逆向锋电位的幅度降低。（3）肌注士的宁后,PSPs的幅度增高、平均持续时间增加、峰值前移。并且可爆发两个以上的动作电位,上述结果提示：迷走神经到M细胞的通路可能 是由长短不等的神经链群组成的。且此通路中不仅包含有兴奋性成分还包含有抑制性成分,而兴奋和抑制之间的相互关系可能起着调节M细胞兴奋性的作用。     

Some molecular and enzymatic properties of a homogeneous preparation of thiaminase I purified from carp liver

A homogeneous preparation of thiaminase I (thiamine:base 2-methyl-4-aminopyrimidine-5-methenyl transferase, EC 2.5.1.2) was obtained from carp liver, for the first time from a nonbacterial source. Its molecular mass was 55 kDa by gel filtration and by SDS—PAGE regardless the presence of the reducing agent, indicating that the native enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain. The determined sequence of 20 residues at the N-terminal of carp thiaminase I seemed to be unique. The enzyme was tested for ability to decompose a number of thiamine analogues. Even very extensive modifications of the thiazolium fragment were well tolerated, but around the pyrimidine fragment the active center seemed to exert steric restrictions against 1 (N)- and 2 (C)- atoms, while the 4-amino group and untouched 6-carbon atom were absolutely essential for the enzyme action. Numerous nucleophiles could be used by the enzyme as cosubstrates, aniline, pyridine, and 2-mercaptoethanol being the best among compounds tested. Protein chemical modification experiments indicated that histidine residues, carboxyl groups, and sulfhydryl groups may play specific roles in the thiaminase I-catalyzed reaction. Like in the bacterial enzyme, a sulfhydryl group may be a catalytically critical active-site nucleophile. The histidine residues and carboxyl groups may be essential for thiamine binding to the active site.     

The effect of treating seed potato tubers with benzimidazole, imidazole and phenylpyrrole fungicides on the control of rot and skin blemish diseases

Over 6 yr the effectiveness of imazalil, prochloraz and fenpiclonil, applied either alone or in a mixture, in controlling gangrene, dry rot, skin spot and silver scurf on potato tubers in store was compared with that of 2-aminobutane and thiabendazole. An assessment was also made of their efficiency in controlling the development of these diseases on the daughter tubers of seed tubers treated at harvest or before planting. Overall, 2-aminobutane was more effective in controlling gangrene (Phoma foveata) in store than the spray-applied fungicides. Deposits of imazalil, thiabendazole and fenpiclonil were greater when sprays were applied with an electrostatic sprayer than with a hydraulic sprayer. The opposite was found with the mixture of prochloraz Mn and tolclofos-methyl. More effective gangrene control was associated with the highest deposits. Fenpiclonil and the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil were more effective in controlling dry rot (Fusarium solani var. coeruleum) than imazalil alone. The development of dry rot was, however, increased by 2-aminobutane treatment on eight out of 14 stocks. 2-aminobutane gave the greatest reduction (83%) in the severity of skin spot during storage whereas thiabendazole alone, and the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil, gave mean reductions of 70% and 65% respectively. This mixture and fenpiclonil gave the greatest reduction in the severity of silver scurf although, in general, reductions in silver scurf with fungicide treatment were less than with skin spot. The type of sprayer used to apply a fungicide did not affect the effectiveness of the fungicides in controlling either skin spot or silver scurf on tubers in store, or on the daughter tubers. The incidence of gangrene and dry rot on daughter tubers was not reduced consistently by fungicide treatment of seed tubers of the six stocks tested. However, the severity of skin spot and silver scurf was reduced by fungicide treatments of all eight stocks but the reduction in disease was greater for skin spot than for silver scurf. All fungicides gave reductions in the severity of skin spot, and fenpiclonil and the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil were the most effective for silver scurf. The effectiveness of the fungicides in controlling these diseases was similar for seed treated at harvest and that treated before planting.     

Early embryonic interaction of retinal pigment epithelium and mesenchymal tissue induces conversion of pigment epithelium to neural retinal fate in the silver mutation of the Japanese quail

The neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) diverge from the optic vesicle during early embryonic development. They originate from different portions of the optic vesicle, the more distal part developing as the neural retina and the proximal part as RPE. As the distal part appears to make contact with the epidermis and the proximal part faces mesenchymal tissues, these two portions would encounter different environmental signals. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the significance of interactions between the RPE and mesenchymal tissues that derive from neural crest cells, using a unique quail mutant silver (B/B) as the experimental model. The silver mutation is considered to affect neural crest-derived tissues, including the epidermal melanocytes. The homozygotes of the silver mutation have abnormal eyes, with double neural retinal layers, as a result of aberrant differentation of RPE to form a new neural retina. Retinal pigment epithelium was removed from early embryonic eyes (before the process began) and cultured to see whether it expressed any phenotype characteristic of neural retinal cells. When RPE of the B/B mutant was cultured with surrounding mesenchymal tissue, neural retinal cells were differentiated that expressed markers of amacrine, cone or rod cells. When isolated RPE of the B/B mutant was cultured alone, it acquired pigmentation and did not show any property characteristic of neural retinal cells. The RPE of wild type quail always differentiated to pigment epithelial cells. In the presence of either acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) or basic FGF (bFGF), the RPE of the B/B mutant differentiated to neural retinal cells in the absence of mesenchymal tissue, but the RPE of wild type embryos only did so in the presence of 10–40 times as much aFGF or bFGF. These observations indicate that genes responsible for the B/B mutation are expressed in the RPE as well as in those cells that have a role in the differentiation of neural crest cells. They further suggest that development of the neural retina and RPE is regulated by some soluble factor(s) that is derived from or localized in the surrounding embryonic mesenchyme and other ocular tissues, and that FGF may be among possible candidates.     

Long-term response of the biotic community to fluctuating water levels and changes in water quality in Cootes Paradise Marsh,a degraded coastal wetland of Lake Ontario

During the early 1900s, more than 90% of the surface area of Cootes Paradise Marsh was covered with emergent vegetation; currently, less than 15% of the surface is covered with aquatic vegetation and the remainder is wind-swept, turbid, open water. The loss of emergent cover is significantly correlated with mean annual water levels that increased more than 1.5 m over the past 60 years. Species diversity and the percent cover of the submerged macrophtye community also declined dramatically after the 1940s, coincident with decreased water clarity and increased nutrients from pollution by sewage and stormwater effluent. Phosphorus levels in the marsh dropped ten-fold after the sewage plant was upgraded to a tertiary-treatment facility in 1978; however, there was no measurable improvement in water clarity, in spite of a decrease in chlorophyll concentrations. Long-term changes in the composition of the planktonic, benthic and fish communities accompanied changes in water clarity, nutrient status and macrophyte cover. Phytoplankton changed from a community dominated by diverse taxa of green algae and diatoms during the 1940s, to a less diverse community dominated by a few taxa of green and blue-green algae in the 1970s, then to a much more diverse community recently, including many taxa of green algae, diatoms and chrysophytes; however, because water turbidity continues to be high, and algae tolerant of low light levels are now very abundant. Daphnia, which were prominent during the 1940s (especially in the vegetated sites) were replaced in the 1970s by smaller zooplankton such as the cladoceran, Bosmina, and several rotifer species including Brachionus, Asplanchna and Keratella. In the recent survey conducted in 1993 and 1994, small-bodied forms still dominate the turbid open-water areas, while medium-sized cladocerans such as Moina were common near macrophyte beds. Generally, total herbivorous zooplankton biomass tended to be highest next to Typha beds and declined with increasing distance from the plants. Conversely, biomass of edible algae at these sites increased with distance from the macrophytes. Species diversity of aquatic insects declined dramatically over the past 40 years, from 57 genera (23 families and 6 orders) in 1948, to 9 genera (6 families and 3 orders) in 1978, to only 5 genera (3 families and 2 orders) in 1995. The diverse benthic community present 5 decades ago has now been replaced by a community consisting primarily of chironomid larvae, oligochaetes and other worms associated with low-oxygen environments. These successional changes illustrate the impact of natural (fluctuating water levels) and anthropogenic (deterioration in water quality) stressors on the character of the biotic communities, and reveal the complex interactions among the various trophic levels and the abiotic environment as degradation and remediation proceeded.     

草鱼和鲤群体遗传变异的RAPD指纹分析

利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ技术对革鱼,兴国红鲤,野鲤的种群内,种群间以及种间的遗传变异亏待进行了定量分析。结果表明;草鱼与鲤的ＲＡＰＤ指纹图谱带型差异显著,草鱼与红鲤和鲤种间的平均带纹相似系数分别为０．２５８３和０．２３９４,遗传距离分别达到０．９３６２和１．２２７７。     

应用免疫金银技术检测猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒株感染细胞

在应用免疫金银染色技术成功地对猪瘟病毒弱毒疫苗Thiveral株（CSFV．T株）感染的PK－15细胞进行检测的基础上,通过改进免疫金银反应的条件,进一步提高了免疫金银法的检测灵敏度和特异性。目前已将该技术应用到对猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒疫苗株（CSFVC株）感染细胞的检测,获得较为满意的实验结果。免疫金银染色技术的应用为研究CSFV在细胞中增殖的规律提供更为灵敏的检测手段,并且可望为猪瘟疫苗生产中的滴度测定提供一种简便有效的手段。     

Trace analysis of N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine using luminol–H2O2 chemiluminescence system catalyzed by silver nanoparticles

N‐Acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) can inhibit the luminol–H₂O₂, reaction, which is catalyzed by silver nanoparticles. Based on this phenomenon a new method was developed for NAC determination. Under optimum conditions, a linear relationship between chemiluminescence intensity and NAC concentration was found in the range 0.034–0.98 µg/mL. The detection limit was 0.010 µg/mL (S/N =3), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was <5% for 0.480 µg/mL NAC (n =5). This simple, sensitive and inexpensive method has been applied to measure the concentration of NAC in pharmaceutical tablets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

草鱼胶原凝集素基因的克隆及其功能分析

从草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella肝肾cDNA文库中克隆得到胶原凝集素基因。草鱼胶原凝集素全长cDNA为1128bp,其中5′非编码区229bp,3′非翻译区104bp,最大开放阅读框为795bp,编码264个氨基酸。系统进化分析表明草鱼胶原凝集素与斑马鱼的亲缘关系最近。根据草鱼胶原凝集素序列特征,克隆了包含糖基识别域(CRD)的cDNA,并进行原核表达、纯化获得其重组蛋白PCRD。进行PCRD与6种细菌的凝集和糖抑制实验,结果表明半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和麦芽糖4种糖都会使PCRD与嗜水气单胞菌的凝集明显下降甚至极大地干扰凝集;麦芽糖使金黄色葡萄球菌的凝集明显下降,而肽聚糖和甘露糖会使凝集受到抑制;此外,PCRD的凝集反应不依赖Ca2+。     

Can filter‐feeding Asian carp invade the Laurentian Great Lakes? A bioenergetic modelling exercise

1. There is much concern that filter‐feeding Asian carp will invade the Laurentian Great Lakes and deplete crucial plankton resources. We developed bioenergetic models, using parameters from Asian carp and other fish species, to explore the possibility that planktonic food resources are insufficient to support the growth of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis) in the Great Lakes. 2. The models estimated basic metabolic requirements of silver and bighead carp under various body sizes, swimming speeds and reproductive stages. These requirements were then related to planktonic food resources and environmental temperature to predict when and where silver and bighead carp may survive in the Great Lakes, and how far they may travel. 3. Parameter values for respiration functions were derived experimentally in a coordinated study of silver and bighead carp, while consumption parameters were obtained from the literature on silver carp. Other model parameters lacking for Asian carp, such as those for egestion and excretion, were obtained from the literature on other fish species. 4. We found that full‐sized bighead carp required 61.0 kJ d^?1 just to maintain their body mass at 20 °C, approximately equivalent to feeding in a region with 255 μg L^?1 macrozooplankton (dry) or 10.43 μg L^?1 chlorophyll a. Silver carp energy requirements were slightly higher. 5. When applied to various habitats in the Great Lakes, our results suggest that silver and bighead carp will be unable to colonise most open‐water regions because of limited plankton availability. However, in some circumstances, carp metabolism at lower temperatures may be low enough to permit positive growth even at very low rations. Positive growth is even more likely in productive embayments and wetlands, and the modelled swimming costs in some of these habitats suggest that carp could travel >1 km d^?1 without losing biomass. 6. The simulation (and firmly hypothetical) results from this modelling study suggest when and where Asian carp could become established in the Great Lakes. Given the potential consequences to Great Lakes ecosystems if these filter feeders do prove capable of establishing reproducing populations, efforts to keep Asian carp out of the Great Lakes must not be lessened. However, we do encourage the use of bioenergetic modelling in a holistic approach to assessing the risk of Asian carp invasion in the Great Lakes region.