Cholecystokinin-octapeptide like immunoreactivity in the area postrema of the rat and cat

The distribution of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8)-like immunoreactivity in the area postrema of the rat and cat was visualized using the peroxidase, antiperoxidase technique. In the rat the greatest amount of immunostaining occurred in peripheral regions of the area postrema at intermediate and rostral levels. Caudally, scattered immunoreactivity predominated. After colchicine treatment, numerous immunoreactive somata were observed throughout the area postrema. The cat area postrema had a different and more complex pattern of immunostaining than the rat. Moderate to dense accumulations of immunostaining occurred in the ventromedial region of the area postrema bordering the solitary tract and dorsal vagal nuclei. The central region of the area postrema possessed scattered amounts of immunoreactivity at rostral levels. Following colchicine treatment, no visible CCK-8-like immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the cat area postrema. Results of the present investigation provide morphological evidence for the role of CCK-8 in cardiovascular regulation and satiety. The difference in the distribution of CCK-8 in the rat and cat suggest a possible role in the emetic reflex.     

Potent central nervous system action of p-Glu-His-(3,3'-dimethyl)-Pro NH2, a stabilized analog of TRH, to stimulate gastric secretion in rats

Intracisternal injection of the TRH analog RX 77368 (p-Glu-His-(3,3'-dimethyl)-Pro NH2) increased gastric acid and pepsin output in conscious pylorus-ligated rats. In urethane-anesthetized, gastric fistula rats, intracisternal RX 77368 or TRH induced stimulation of gastric acid output which was rapid in onset, long lasting, and dose-dependent, in doses ranging from 3 to 100 ng/rat for RX 77368, and 0.1 to 1 micrograms/rat for TRH. Vagotomy or atropine pretreatment reversed RX 77368 gastric secretory response. The analog was less effective when infused intravenously (1-10 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1) and 22 times more potent than TRH when given intracisternally. These results demonstrated the ability of RX 77368 to act within the rat brain to enhance gastric secretion (acid and pepsin) through vagus cholinergic dependent mechanisms. The enhanced potency and extended duration of action of RX 77368 over TRH, could make intracisternal injection of this peptide a useful test to induce centrally mediated vagal dependent stimulation of gastric secretion in rats.     

兔心迷走神经传出放电的活动特征

兔心迷走神经传出放电有三种类型:1.与后膈神经传出发放同步的节律性放电。这种节律性发放包含两个时相,第一时相大致与膈神经传出放电同时起止,第二时相在膈神经传出发放后期或发放终止时出现。2.持续性放电,出现在上述节律性放电的间歇期。3.偶然出现的高幅高频暴发放电。这种放电出现时,膈神经传出放电即受到明显的压抑。开放预先夹闭的颈总动脉使心迷走神经传出放电增强。窒息、静脉注射肾上腺素使心迷走神经传出放电增强,心率减慢;扩张肺、过度通气、吸入亚硝酸异戊酯使心迷走神经传出放电减少,心率增快。     

Abrogation of peripheral cholecystokinin-satiety in the capsaicin treated rat

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peripheral and central mediator of short-term satiety. When given i.p., CCK decreases food intake in previously fasted rats for a period of 30 min. The effect has been previously shown to be abolished by vagotomy and more specifically by severing of vagal sensory rootlets. These studies were designed to determine the effects on rat feeding behavior, and in particular CCK-satiety, of the sensory neurotoxin capsaicin. In neonates, capsaicin selectively and permanently destroys unmyelinated sensory fibers including those in the vagus nerve. Rat neonates were treated with capsaicin, 50 mg/kg or vehicle, and surviving females studied at 8-10 weeks of age. The weights, 24-h food intake, and feeding responses to insulin were the same in adult capsaicin treated (Cap Rx) and vehicle treated (Veh Rx) rats. CCK (8 micrograms/kg i.p.) reduced 30 min food intake 61 +/- 18% in Veh Rx animals (mean +/- S.D., P less than 0.01). In capsaicin denervated animals, CCK also significantly reduced 30 min food intake from 5.09 +/- 1.10 to 3.92 +/- 0.84 g (P less than 0.01), but the mean reduction, 23 +/- 6%, was significantly less than in Veh Rx rats (P less than 10(-4]. A separate group of females, similarly treated as neonates with capsaicin or vehicle, were subjected to bilateral lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Both Cap Rx and Veh Rx animals gained significantly and equally more than non-lesioned controls. 24 h vagal transport of substance P was reduced 70% in age matched capsaicin treated animals compared to controls. These studies demonstrate that peripheral CCK-satiety is partly mediated by capsaicin sensitive fibers, presumably in the vagus nerve. Substance P is one possible transmitter mediating this reflex. Further conclusions are that active inhibition of an intact peripheral CCK-stimulated reflex arc is not necessary for full expression of central inducers of feeding, e.g., insulin or lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus, and that destruction of these fibers does not alter long-term weight regulation in rats receiving a normal diet.     

家兔减压神经颈部变异的几种新类型

用解剖学方法结合电生理学方法鉴别减压神经形态上的变异。在35只纯种青紫蓝家兔中,减压神经颈部有形态变异者达23只(占65.71％)20种,观察到减压神经变异的三种新类型:减压神经三分支型、“无”减压神经型和减压迷走交感干型;至于减压神经的起点,以起于喉前神经者居多。     

SOUNDS OF A PYGMY RIGHT WHALE (CAPEREA MARGINATA)

Abstract: This is the first report of recordings of sounds from the pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata . The recordings were obtained in the presence of a juvenile in the harbor at Portland, on the southeastern corner of the Australian continent. Only one type of sound was heard-a short thump-like pulse or tone burst with a downsweep in frequency and decaying amplitude, with most energy between 60 and 120 Hz. The pulses occurred predominantly in pairs and once in a trio. The sounds are simpler than those of most baleen whales, but they show some similarity in characteristics. Source levels are in the lower end of the range determined for other species. There was no evidence to indicate the purpose of these sounds.     

家兔Bezold—Jarisch反射的血流动力学效应

在40只麻醉兔,观察经冠脉内注射尼古丁诱发Bezold-Jarisch反射时的血流动力学变化。反射效应表现为心率减慢、动脉血压和左心室收缩压降低以及左心室内压微分值减小。切断两侧窦神经和减压神经后,上述效应增强;两侧迷走神经切断后,多数动物反射效应消失。 冠脉内注射尼古丁后,心输出量和总外周阻力均下降。人工起搏心脏以防止心率减慢时,对上述效应无明显影响。动物阿托品化并切除两侧星状神经节后,心率减慢基本消失,但动脉血压降低的程度并无明显变化。结果提示,Bezold-Jarisch反射时所表现的动脉血压降低,可归因于心输出量减少和总外周阻力降低,而以后者为主。     

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PYGMY RIGHT WHALE, CAPEREA MARGINATA, IN THE AUSTRALASIAN REGION

The latitudinal range of all records of sightings ( n = 9), and live strandings and carcasses ( n = 180) of Caperea marginata in the Australasian region was 32°00'–47°00'S. Records were concentrated on the edge of the South Australian gulfs, around Tasmania, at Stewart Island, in Cook Strait, and in the Auckland area. Limited data suggest that these may be related to planktonrich waters nearby. Body lengths ranged from 198 to 650 cm. Overall sex ratio was 0.70 (males: females). In regions north of about 41°S, juveniles (preweaning) made up 41% of the records and subadults (postweaning) were rare (13%). In regions south of about 41°S subadults (36%) were proportionately more abundant than juveniles (17%). Neonates were recorded from 35°37' to 47°00'S. Adults were found throughout the latitudinal range of the species in Australasia. The diet of the pygmy right whale included copepods and small euphausiids. Behavior consistent with feeding has been observed in coastal waters of Australia.     

HEALTH AS FREEDOM: ADDRESSING SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL HEALTH INEQUITIES THROUGH THE HUMAN RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT

In spite of vast global improvements in living standards, health, and well-being, the persistence of absolute poverty and its attendant maladies remains an unsettling fact of life for billions around the world and constitutes the primary cause for the failure of developing states to improve the health of their peoples. While economic development in developing countries is necessary to provide for underlying determinants of health – most prominently, poverty reduction and the building of comprehensive primary health systems – inequalities in power within the international economic order and the spread of neoliberal development policy limit the ability of developing states to develop economically and realize public goods for health. With neoliberal development policies impacting entire societies, the collective right to development, as compared with an individual rights-based approach to development, offers a framework by which to restructure this system to realize social determinants of health. The right to development, working through a vector of rights, can address social determinants of health, obligating states and the international community to support public health systems while reducing inequities in health through poverty-reducing economic growth. At an international level, where the ability of states to develop economically and to realize public goods through public health systems is constrained by international financial institutions, the implementation of the right to development enables a restructuring of international institutions and foreign-aid programs, allowing states to enter development debates with a right to cooperation from other states, not simply a cry for charity.     

生物遗传资源的元所有权、衍生所有权和修饰权

本文探讨了生物遗传资源的元所有权与衍生所有权、生物遗传资源的修饰权概念。所谓生物遗传资源的元所有权即对生物遗传资源的载体——生物体、生殖细胞以及生物的遗传信息都拥有的所有权。生物遗传资源的衍生所有权即在一种生物遗传资源被商业修饰后,那些对这种生物遗传资源拥有元所有权的国家仍拥有的部分所有权利。目前生物资源获取与惠益分享中的许多混乱是因为未能区分生物遗传资源的元所有权与衍生所有权。对任何生物遗传资源的修饰应本着“尊重生命”的原则,这个原则与《生物多样性公约》序言中强调的“意识到生物多样性的内在价值”的观点一致,生物多样性的内禀价值既包括物种的生存价值,也包括物种生存价值的外延,即物种个体的生存价值。行使生物遗传资源的修饰权还应本着“保存”、“善意修饰”、“预防恶意修饰”的掌握,以及促进人类福祉的原则,如增加农作物产量、降低有害物质含量、增加作物和家畜的抗病性、有益生态环境保护等等。人类自身的生物遗传资源的修饰权由人类的多数公意决定或国家行使。对任何生物遗传资源的修饰还应防止有意危害人类、野生生物的遗传结构稳定、甚至在实验室创造新的、自然界原本不存在的有害生物的恶意修饰。