辅色剂对紫淮山花色苷稳定性的影响及其热降解动力学研究

为探究谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷的辅色作用,本文研究了谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷降解率、热稳定性及色差的影响。试验表明,谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能有效抑制花色苷的降解,且最佳添加量分别为0.03%和0.2%。在此添加量条件下,紫淮山花色苷在50、70、90℃水浴中的热降解均符合一级降解反应动力学规律。添加谷胱甘肽和没食子酸的紫淮山花色苷降解速率常数(k)小于对照组,半衰期(t 1/2)和活化能(Ea)高于对照组,说明谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能够增强花色苷的热稳定性。色差测定结果表明,经谷胱甘肽和没食子酸辅色后的紫淮山花色苷,其明度指数(L*)和色品指数(a*、b*)较对照组变化缓慢,颜色的稳定性增强。     

Fuchsine or magenta: the second most famous aniline dye. A short memoir on the 150th anniversary of the first commercial production of this well known dye

During the mid-nineteenth century, it was learned that the distillation of coal tar yielded a mixture of benzene and toluene that could be used for the manufacture of “anilines.” Oxidation with dichromate led to the first synthetic aniline dye, mauveine. The second aniline dye, a crimson red color, now is named fuchsine or magenta. This dye was prepared using the same starting material, but different oxidants, e.g., tin chloride, mercury nitrate, arsenic acid, and nitrobenzene. Unlike mauveine, which is now a chemical curiosity, fuchsine is still in use as a biological stain, especially in Schiff's reagent for detecting aldehydes, industrially as a dye in coloring various materials from textile fibers to ball point pen inks, analytically as a visualization agent for thin layer chromatography, and as an antifungal agent.     

Potato purple top phytoplasma‐induced disruption of gibberellin homeostasis in tomato plants

Phytoplasmas are phloem‐inhabiting, cell wall‐less bacteria that cause numerous plant diseases worldwide. Plants infected by phytoplasmas often exhibit various symptoms indicative of hormonal imbalance. In this study, we investigated the effects of potato purple top (PPT) phytoplasma infection on gibberellin homeostasis in tomato plants. We found that PPT phytoplasma infection caused a significant reduction in endogenous levels of gibberellic acid (GA₃). The decrease in GA₃ content in diseased plants was correlated with down regulation of genes responsible for biosynthesis of bioactive GAs ( GA20ox1 and GA3ox1) and genes involved in formation of GA precursors [geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPS) and copalyldiphosphate synthase (CPS)]. Exogenous application of GA₃ at 200 µmol L^?1 was able to restore the GA content in infected plants to levels comparable to those in healthy controls, and to attenuate the characteristic ‘big bud’ symptoms induced by the phytoplasma. The interesting observation that PPT phytoplasma‐infected plants had prolonged low expression of key GA biosynthesis genes GA20ox1 and GA3ox1 under GA deficiency conditions led us to hypothesise that there was a diminished sensitivity of the GA metabolism feedback regulation, especially GA biosynthesis negative feedback regulation, in those affected plants, and such diminished sensitization in early stages of infection may represent a central element of the phytoplasma‐induced disruption of GA homeostasis and pathogenesis.     

长期施肥对紫色土农田土壤动物群落的影响

土壤动物在陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用,直接或间接的参与土壤有机质的分解与矿化;长期施肥对土壤理化性质产生影响的同时,改变了土壤动物群落组成.为查明紫色土长期施肥对土壤动物群落的影响及其响应关系,于2008年的5、7、9和11月分别对紫色土农田无肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、常规化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、有机肥(OM)、有机肥与化肥氮磷钾混施(OMNPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)和秸秆还田与化肥氮磷钾混施(RSDNPK)等7种长期施肥定位试验地的土壤动物群落进行调查,采用改良的干漏斗和湿漏斗两种方法,共获得土壤动物9454只,隶属7门17纲24目.分析表明,OM和RSDNPK两种施肥方式下土壤动物群落的多样性显著高于CK、N和NPK等3种施肥方式,说明有机物料的长期投入有利于提高土壤动物群落丰富度和多样性.方差分析表明施肥方式对土壤动物主要类群密度的影响差异性极显著(F=42.412,P=0.0001),对土壤动物群落类群影响存在不均衡性.施肥方式主要影响农田土壤动物类群的种群个体数量、线虫动物门个体数量、大蚓类个体数量、甲螨亚目个体数量、密度-类群指数DG及土壤动物群落类群数等六个指标,初步认为这些主要类群因素能够预测长期施肥引起的土壤肥力变化,可能对指示土壤质量的变化具有一定潜力.     

The Piperaceae Amides I: Structure of Pipercide,A New Insecticidal Amide from Piper nigrum L.

It was evidenced that mutagenic principles in tryptophan pyrolysate, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H pyrido(4,3-b) indole and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H pyrido(4,3-b) indole (abbreviated as Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2, respectively) bind to DNA without activation by rat liver microsomes. The bindings of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 were not random and did not introduce strand scissions into DNA. Trp-P-1 bound more easily than Trp-P-2. The bindings of these mutagenic principles to DNA were concluded by using negatively superhelical simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA from following experimental data. (1) The intensity of ethidium bromide (EtBr)-DNA fluorescence by illumination with UV light and the electrophoretic mobility of superhelical DNA in agarose gel decreased as a function of the amounts of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2. (2) In vitro RNA synthesis catalyzed by Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and nick-translation catalyzed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Kornberg enzyme) were inhibited significantly on DNA treated with Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2. (3) The negative superhelicity of SV40 DNA introduces unpaired regions into DNA. These regions can be cleaved by single-strand-specific S1 endonuclease to generate unit length linear duplex molecules. It was found that this S1-sensitivity of DNA decreased by treatment with Trp-P-1. (4) The cleavage patterns of Trp-P-1 treated DNA with five restriction endonucleases were investigated. The protection of the cleavage site by the drug was observed against HincII, HindIII and EcoRII, whereas not against HaeIII and HinfI. These results show that the binding of Trp-P-1 to DNA is not random. Identical results were also obtained in Trp-P-2.

However, the bindings of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 were not so tight, and phenol extraction of the complex dissociated these drugs from DNA.     

Characterization of a Vitamin B12 Compound in the Edible Purple Laver,Porphyra yezoensis

The edible purple laver, Porphyra yezoensis, contained 51.49±1.51 μg of vitamin B₁₂ compounds per 100 g dry weight of the laver (mean±SEM, n=4). A vitamin B₁₂ compound was purified from the lyophilized purple laver and partially characterized. The silica gel 60 TLC and reversed-phase HPLC patterns of the purified pink-colored compound were identical to those of authentic vitamin B₁₂, but not to those of vitamin B₁₂ analogues inactive for humans.     

Enhancement of Mutagenic Activity of 9-Aminoacridine by Introducing a Nitro Group into the Molecule

Mutagenic activity and DNA intercalation were examined for 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) and its derivatives. Introduction of a nitro group into the 9-AA molecule was found to enhance the activity enormously as was detected by the Ames test. Acetylation of amino group at 9-position of acridine ring inhibited the intercalation, the frameshift activity disappearing. Rat liver S9 converted 9-AA metabolically to 9-amino-2-hydroxyacridine.     

大孔树脂分离纯化“黑金刚”紫马铃薯花青苷工艺研究

以紫色马铃薯"黑金刚"花青苷为原料,采用D101、HDP100A、HDP450A、NK-9、AB-8五种大孔吸附树脂对花青苷的吸附与解析特性进行了比较研究,并在此基础上,采用最佳大孔树脂对花青苷纯化过程中的静态、动态吸附和解析附条件进行了优化研究。结果表明AB-8大孔树脂具有较好的吸附和解析能力,是纯化紫色马铃薯花青苷的最佳树脂,较优纯化条件为:上样液花青苷浓度为0.028mg.g-1,上样液pH=2,洗脱液乙醇浓度为50%,洗脱液pH=1,吸附流速为1mL.min-1,洗脱流速为1mL.min-1。经大孔树脂纯化后,色价值比纯化前提高了7.55倍。     

紫色马铃薯花青素StAN1基因的克隆及功能分析

MYB是植物花青素合成代谢途径中最主要的转录因子。该研究以紫色马铃薯B-5为试验材料,通过同源克隆技术,克隆了马铃薯花青素StAN1基因,并对StAN1基因的表达、遗传转化及其转基因烟草的花青素含量进行分析。结果表明:(1)StAN1基因全长774bp,编码了258个氨基酸;系统进化树分析发现,StAN1与辣椒、茄子、芦竹的亲缘关系最近,与矮牵牛、苹果等的亲缘关系最远。(2)荧光定量PCR分析显示,StAN1基因在马铃薯不同组织均有表达,其表达量从小到大依次为:根叶茎匍匐茎薯皮薯肉。(3)成功构建了表达载体pJAM1502-AN1,并经农杆菌(Gv3101)转化获得根、茎、叶片及叶脉均为紫红色的转StAN1基因烟草,PCR鉴定表明目的基因StAN1已成功转入烟草中。(4)花青素含量分析表明,野生型烟草叶片中花青素含量为2mg/g,叶片颜色为绿色,而转StAN1基因烟草叶片花青素含量达20mg/g,叶片颜色变成了紫红色。