食品级惰性粉对三种储藏物害虫生长发育的影响

应用粉剂药膜法,一种食品级惰性粉——4号粉相应剂量处理赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)、烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne(Fabricius)、锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Linnaeus)的卵和1龄幼虫,赤拟谷盗、锯谷盗、烟草甲的卵平均孵化率均在97%以上,处理后卵孵化的1龄幼虫平均死亡率均在96%以上;处理3种害虫的1龄幼虫其平均死亡率均在99%以上。结果表明食品级惰性粉对3种试虫卵的孵化率几乎没有影响,但对其1龄幼虫有较好的防治效果。通过混粮法应用正交试验研究发现,惰性粉剂量和小麦含水量对赤拟谷盗F1代防治效果均有显著影响。当小麦处于安全水分时(含水量12%¹4%),10014%),100¹50 mg/kg 4号粉能有效防治赤拟谷盗F1代。     

Column Bioleaching of Low-Grade Chalcopyritic Ore Using Moderate Thermophile Bacteria

Bacterially assisted heap leaching is an economical technology for treating low grade copper sulphides. In the present research, bioleaching of low grade chalcopyrite ore (1% chalcopyrite, and 3% pyrite) have been investigated using moderate thermophilic bacteria. The ore sample has low solubility in acid solution (about 5%). Experiments were carried out using column reactors and the effect of particle size (?12.7, ?19.07 and ?25.04 mm) and external addition of carbon dioxide to the induced air (10% v/v) have been investigated. Results have shown that the copper recovery increased with reducing particle size, and carbon dioxide addition improved bacterial activity and copper dissolution. In the optimum condition, i.e., particles finer than 12.07 mm and 10% (v/v) carbon dioxide addition, 69.68% of copper were extracted.     

UNDERSTANDING PROMISCUITY: WHEN IS SEEKING ADDITIONAL MATES BETTER THAN GUARDING AN ALREADY FOUND ONE?

Paternity protection and the acquisition of multiple mates select for different traits. The consensus from theoretical work is that mate‐guarding intensifies with an increasing male bias in the adult sex ratio (ASR). A male bias can thus lead to male monogamy if guarding takes up the entire male time budget. Given that either female‐ or male‐biased ASRs are possible, why is promiscuity clearly much more common than male monogamy? We address this question with two models, differing in whether males can assess temporal cues of female fertility. Our results confirm the importance of the ASR: guarding durations increase with decreasing female availability and increasing number of male competitors. However, several factors prevent the mating system from switching to male monogamy as soon as the ASR becomes male biased. Inefficient guarding, incomplete last male sperm precedence, any mechanism that allows sperm to fertilize eggs after the male's departure, and (in some cases) the unfeasibility of precopulatory guarding all help explain cases where promiscuity exists on its own or alongside temporally limited mate‐guarding. Shortening the window of fertilization shifts guarding time budgets from the postcopulatory to the precopulatory stage.     

Effect of mineral oil on Potato virus Y acquisition by Rhopalosiphum padi

Seed potato crops are currently sprayed weekly with mineral oil to prevent transmission of the Potato virus Y (PVY; Potyviridae: Potyvirus), one of the most prevalent and important non‐persistent viruses affecting potato production. In spite of its wide usage as inhibitor of virus transmission, the mode of action for mineral oil is poorly known. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of dosage and time from application of mineral oil on the inhibition of PVY acquisition. The bird cherry‐oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), known as vector of PVY, was used in all the experiments. The results indicated that mineral oil efficiently decreased PVY acquisition by 75 and 70% 1 day after application of 5 and 10 l ha^?1, respectively. The inhibition effect decreased with time from application; mineral oil inhibits acquisition for less than 4 days at 5 l ha^?1 and between 8 and 12 days at 10 l ha^?1. As mineral oil was detected in the body of fewer aphids when they fed on plants 1 day after oil application, a change in the aphid probing behaviour on mineral oil‐treated plants was deduced. These results support the hypothesis that mineral oil physically inhibits the binding of the virus at the tip of the stylets.     

茉莉酸对棉花单宁含量和抗虫相关酶活性的诱导效应

以植物生长调节物茉莉酸(Jasmonic acid,JA)为诱导子,以常规棉为研究对象,探讨了外源茉莉酸对棉花幼苗单宁和蛋白酶抑制素以及其它抗虫相关酶活性诱导的浓度依赖性和持久性,讨论了棉花抗虫相关物质的抗虫效果.结果表明,0.01、0.1和1.0 mmol/L茉莉酸都能在2周内诱导棉花单宁和胰蛋白酶抑制素(Proteinase inhibitors,PIs)含量增加,诱导多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性升高.对3种浓度茉莉酸的诱导效应进行分析表明,0.1 mmol/L茉莉酸对于诱导PIs、PPO、POD和CAT最有效,0.1和1.0 mmol/L茉莉酸对于诱导棉花单宁和苯丙氨酸解氨酶等效,二者的诱导效应均高于0.01 mmol/L.对茉莉酸诱导抗性的持久性进行分析表明,最佳诱导效应发生的时间各不相同:POD活性在JA处理后第1天最高,随后呈下降趋势,PIs和单宁含量分别在JA处理后第7天和第14天达最大值;JA处理后第1天和第7天的PPO活性无明显差异,但明显高于第14天;JA处理后第7天和第14天的PAL活性无明显差异,但明显高于第1天;JA处理后第1、7和14天棉花叶片的CAT活性均无明显差异.以上结果表明,茉莉酸可通过增加棉叶单宁和PIs含量、提高棉叶PAL、PPO、POD和CAT活性等增强棉花幼苗的抗虫性.     

湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法

提出了一套侧重水鸟保护的湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法.该方法建立的指标体系经过专家咨询和会议讨论确定指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)建立了递阶层次结构模型.指标体系共分为目标层1项、系统层5项、准则层11项和指标层26项.将获取资料的湿地自然保护区按国家有关分类标准与原则归为3个类型(海洋与海岸生态系统类型、内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型和野生动物类型),每个类型内的自然保护区再结合自身湿地主体进一步划分为4个小类型(近海与海岸湿地、河流湿地、湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地).实例分析了海洋与海岸生态系统类型中的以近海及海岸湿地为主体的自然保护区,内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型中的以沼泽湿地为主体的自然保护区和野生动物类型中的以河流湿地为主体的自然保护区,并依照保护价值指数进行了等级划分.为湿地自然保护区的保护价值和发展地位,总体规划和改建变更提供了依据.     

三江源牧户参与草地生态保护的意愿

牧民对环境保护的响应是生态保护战略有效实施的关键,主体参与意愿直接影响生态保护项目实施的成效和可持续性,是区域生态经济可持续发展的前提。通过对三江源地区约283户藏族牧民通过翻译进行结构式访谈,采用Logistic模型从主体角度探讨了牧户愿意参与生态保护行为响应的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)三江源区域约87%的牧户认为生态保护对牧户有好处,但受各种内外部因素的影响只有近70%的牧户是在政府主导下基于有限理性而被动的参与生态保护行为响应。(2)三江源牧户参与生态保护行为响应的意愿主要受当地政府的保护力度及牧户对生态保护外部性的认知水平、生计水平、外界接触程度、工作机会的正影响,并受牧户的年龄、离中心城镇的距离和区域气候恶劣情况等因素的负影响,系数依次为:2.22、3.98、1.93、2.26、1.48、-1.63、-2.43、-0.92。(3)牧户的生计水平、退化感知和外部性认知是影响三江源牧户参与生态保护意愿的关键因素,牧户参与生态保护意愿的概率不仅仅是牧户出于自身利益和未知风险考虑下被动的响应,更是当地政府的环境知识宣传和保护投入影响下个体的抉择结果。(4)创造更多的就业机会和解决牧户的单一化生计问题,构建完善地生态补偿机制让牧户分享生态保护的外部性效益,并激励牧户主动参与生态保护行为响应,才能最终实现区域生态保护、牧户幸福和生态经济可持续发展的多赢局面。     

山西省重点保护野生植物资源及区系特征研究

以《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》和《山西省重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》为依据,建立山西省重点保护野生植物名录。共记录57种保护植物,隶属于38科45属（其中国家Ⅰ级保护2种,国家Ⅱ级保护6种,省级保护49种）。分析结果得出,山西省重点保护野生植物在全省的分布不集中,零散分布于全省61个县区境内,且绝大多数物种的分布范围很狭窄。山西省重点保护野生植物区系具有复杂多样、起源古老、孑遗植物和单种属多等特点,科、属植物区系成分以温带分布型占优势,同时也有较明显的热带性质,过渡性特征比较明显,有其独特的地理优势和保护价值。本研究旨在对山西省重点保护野生植物资源现状及区系特征进行初步研究,从而为野生植物资源的保护和合理有效地利用提供科学的理论依据与参考。     

高敏C-反应蛋白在紫癜性肾炎患儿中的应用

目的：探讨血清高敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）在儿童紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）临床分型与病理分级中的应用价值,为基层医院提供一个可评价HSPN患儿病情严重程度的实验室相关指标。方法：应用免疫比浊法检测210例HSPN患儿不同临床分型与病理分级中的血清hs-CRP的水平,并与住院的70例的正常儿童作对照组进行比较。采用Pearson秩相关分析得出HSPN患儿血清hs-CRP水平临床分型与及病理分级的关系。结果：HSPN患儿血清hs-CRP水平明显高于对照组（HSPN组6.4±3.5 mg/L,对照组0.7±0.1mg/L）,差异有统计学意义（t=1.021,P=0.003）。HSPN患儿的血清hs-CRP水平与其临床分型的严重程度存在正相关（r=0.913,P〈0.05）。而HSPN患儿血清hs-CRP水平与其病理分级的关系也呈正相关（r=0.901,P〈0.05）。结论：随着HSPN患儿临床分型与病理分级的增高,其血清hs-CRP水平显著升高,HSPN患儿血清hs-CRP水平与其临床分型和病理分级之间均呈显著正相关,检测HSPN患儿血清hs-CRP水平可预测其临床分型和病理分级的程度,即HSPN患儿血清hs-CRP水平越高提示其临床分型和病理分级越重,因此检测HSPN患儿血清hs-CRP水平有助于评估HSPN患儿的病情、治疗效果和预后情况。     

朱顶红新品种DUS测试数量性状筛选与分级

利用70个朱顶红品种对12个数量性状进行了筛选及分级研究,并对5个数量性状的测量部位进行了研究。结果表明:所有性状均满足DUS测试要求,性状2由于区分能力弱不适于作为DUS测试性状。12个数量性状可进行3~9个连续分布的分级。花茎从下往上逐渐变细,但不同品种变细程度略有差异,在测量花茎中部的最大宽度时要求严格测量花茎的1/2处;不同茎上各数量性状测量值略有差异,除花茎长度和花梗长度外的性状差异不显著;同一花茎不同花间数量性状差异较小;同品种的花外花被片长度、宽度不存在显著差异;种球大小对数量性状有显著影响。