棉田生态系统氮营养元素循环的研究

在棉田生态系统Ｎ循环中,低,中,高,超高产棉田Ｎ素的输入与输出不平衡,亏盈值（Ｂｋ）分别为－９．８,－１０．６,－１３．５和－１６．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,平衡值（Ｂ１）为０．９１１３,０．９４３５,０．９４２９．０．９４５８,每种１季棉花,土壤库现存Ｎ减少２‰～６‰,低,中,高,超高产棉田产物Ｎ输出,分别为棉田生态系统总输出Ｎ的５４．４％,４６．５％,４４．９％和４３．４％,其中经济产品（棉子和纤维）     

Pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulation affects BMD and local factor production of rats with disuse osteoporosis

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have been used widely to treat nonunion fractures and related problems in bone healing, as a biological and physical method. With the use of Helmholtz coils and PEMF stimulators to generate uniform time‐varying electromagnetic fields, the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on bone mineral density (BMD) and local factor production in disuse osteoporosis (DOP) rats were investigated. Eighty 4‐month‐old female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into intact (INT) group, DOP group, calcitonin‐treated (CT) group, and PEMF stimulation group. The right hindlimbs of all the rats were immobilized by tibia‐tail fixation except for those rats in the INT group. Rats in the CT group were injected with calcitonin (2 IU/kg, i.p., once a day) and rats in the PEMF group were irradiated with PEMF immediately postoperative. The BMD, serum transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) concentration of the proximal femur were measured 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment. Compared with the CT and DOP groups, the BMD and serum TGF‐β1 concentration in the PEMF group increased significantly after 8 weeks. The IL‐6 concentration in the DOP group was elevated significantly after operation. The PEMF group showed significantly lower IL‐6 level than the DOP group. The results found demonstrate that PEMF stimulation can efficiently suppress bone mass loss. We, therefore, conclude that PEMF may affect bone remodeling process through promoting TGF‐β1 secretion and inhibiting IL‐6 expression. Bioelectromagnetics 31:113–119, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Exposure of non‐target tissues in medical diathermy

With different prevalence in different regions, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) are widely used for therapeutic tissue heating. Although short‐wave diathermy (27.12 MHz) is the most popular treatment modality, quantitative data on patient's exposure have been lacking. By numerical simulation with the numerical anatomical model NORMAN, intracorporal distributions of specific absorption rates (SAR) were investigated for different treatment scenarios and applicators. Quantitative data are provided for exposures of target treatment areas as well as for vulnerable regions such as the eye lenses, central nervous system, and testes. Different applicators and distances were investigated. Capacitive and inductive applicators exhibit quite a different heating efficiency. It could be shown that for the same output power therapeutic heat deposition can vary by almost one order of magnitude. By mimicking therapist's practice to use patient's heat perception as an indicator for output power setting, numerical data were elaborated demonstrating that muscle tissue exposures may be several times higher for inductive than for capacitive applicators. Presented quantitative data serve as a guide for power adjustment preventing relevant overexposures without compromising therapy; they also provide a basis for estimating target tissue heat load and developing therapeutic guidelines. Bioelectromagnetics 31:12–19, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Apoptosis initiation and angiogenesis inhibition: melanoma targets for nanosecond pulsed electric fields

Many effective anti-cancer strategies target apoptosis and angiogenesis mechanisms. Applications of non-ionizing, nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) induce apoptosis in vitro and eliminate cancer in vivo; however in vivo mechanisms require closer analysis. These studies investigate nsPEF-induced apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis examined by fluorescent microscopy, immunoblots, and morphology. Six hours after treatment with one hundred 300 ns pulses at 40 kV/cm, cells transiently expressed active caspases indicating that caspase-mediated mechanisms. Three hours after treatment transient peaks in Histone 2AX phosphorylation coincided with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling positive cells and pyknotic nuclei, suggesting caspase-independent mechanisms on nuclei/DNA. Large DNA fragments, but not 180 bp fragmentation ladders, were observed, suggesting incomplete apoptosis. Nevertheless, tumor weight and volume decreased and tumors disappeared. One week after treatment, vessel numbers, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), CD31, CD35 and CD105 were decreased, indicating anti-angiogenesis. The nsPEFs activate multiple melanoma therapeutic targets, which is consistent with successes of nsPEF applications for tumor treatment in vivo as a new cancer therapeutic modality.     

电磁场暴露海马神经元自由基和胞内Ca2+的变化

电磁场对健康影响的研究包括流行病调查、人体与动物、细胞、生化与分子生物、生物物理等5个层次,电磁生物效应最初是通过物理作用产生化学反应,继而产生后续生物反应.自由基、电磁能量和生物钙是分属于化学、物理学和生物学的3个概念,研究它们之间的关系对于认识电磁生物效应的原初作用具有意义.选择海马神经元,观察在0.1mT、0.5mT和1.0mT电磁场暴露48h,海马神经元ROS水平和胞内Ca2+浓度的变化.实验结果表明:暴露于0.1mT,0.5mT和1.0mT电磁场海马神经元的ROS水平和Ca2+浓度都比对照组有显著性提高(P<0.01).暴露于0.1mT和0.5mT电磁场的ROS水平和暴露于0.1mT电磁场的Ca2+浓度与自由基清除剂+电磁场(Trolox+EMF)组比较没有差异(P>0.05),暴露于1.0mT电磁场的ROS水平和暴露于0.5mT和1.0mT电磁场的Ca2+浓度比Trolox+EMF组有显著性提高(P<0.01).表明电磁场可以促进细胞自由基的产生,并且ROS水平与胞内Ca2+浓度有正相关性.     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤氮素的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE(Free-Air Carbon=Dioxide Enrichment)试验平台,研究大气CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1(周围大气中CO₂浓度约370 μmol·mol^-1)对稻季各生育期不同深度土壤溶液NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度的影响.结果表明：高CO2浓度条件下耕层土壤溶液NH₄⁺-N浓度在水稻生育前期有所增加,但在生育后期明显下降;大气CO₂浓度升高增加了稻季5、15、30、60和90 cm处土壤溶液NO₃^--N浓度,分别比对照平均提高了46.5%、36.8%、23.3%、103.7%和42.7%,在60和90 cm处差异分别达到统计上的极显著和显著水平.     

Effects of information and 50 Hz magnetic fields on cognitive performance and reported symptoms

The aim of this study was to explore the role of expectancies and beliefs about the potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) (what the subject thought the effect was going to be) and the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields (400 microT(rms)) acute exposure on cognitive performance, the reporting of physical symptoms and some psychological and physiological parameters. Seventy-four healthy male volunteers aged between 40 and 60 years of age were randomly assigned to one of five groups, which differed in (1) the type of information they were given concerning the expected magnetic field effect on performance in cognitive tests (positive = enhancement of the performance; negative = impairment of the performance; neutral) and (2) the type of exposure (real or sham). Three groups were sham exposed with positive (group+), negative (group-) and neutral information (group+/-); one group was really exposed with neutral information (group expo) and one group was not exposed, though they wore the helmet, and did not receive any field-related information (control group). All the volunteers, except the control group, were led to believe that they would be exposed to a magnetic field of 400 microT(rms). The experimental design respected a double blind procedure and the experimental session involved three steps (pre-testing, exposure, and post-testing). Various measurements were taken, including cognitive performance, psychological parameters such as mood, vigilance, and reporting of symptoms. Physiological parameters such as blood pressure and pulse rate were also recorded. The information given did not significantly modify beliefs. No significant difference was found among the five groups depending on the type of information and the type of exposure in cognitive performance, psychological and physiological parameters. In the context of the study, with our population, the type of information given failed to induce expected changes in parameters measured. Our results do not support the hypothesis that an acute exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz, 400 microT(rms)) affects the parameters measured.     

A preliminary study of oscillating electromagnetic field effects on human spermatozoon motility

Some effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on human spermatozoa are reported. Significant increases in the values of the motility and of the other kinematic parameters have been observed when spermatozoa were exposed to an ELF-EMF with a square waveform of 5 mT amplitude and frequency of 50 Hz. By contrast, a 5 mT sine wave (50 Hz) and a 2.5 mT square wave (50 Hz) exposure did not produce any significant effect on sperm motility. The effects induced by ELF-EMF (50 Hz; 5 mT) during the first 3 h of exposure persisted for 21 h after the end of the treatment. These results indicate that ELF-EMF exposure can improve spermatozoa motility and that this effect depends on the field characteristics.     

Spontaneous regeneration of dry grasslands on set-aside fields

Dry grasslands are among the most threatened plant communities of Central Europe. We explore the time scale of spontaneous regeneration of dry grasslands on abandoned fields in an area of Central Europe, where also ancient grassland communities occur (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). On three permanent plots with shallow soils we monitored during 10 years change of species composition and analysed whether spontaneous succession leads to assemblages similar to the ancient dry grassland communities in the direct surroundings. We found that dry grassland species are able to invade the permanent plots and during the 10 years of succession the number of dry grassland species increased. But even after 10 years there was a clear difference between ancient dry grassland communities and the assemblages on the permanent plots. Our findings suggest two important conclusions: First, spontaneous succession on abandoned fields is a cheap possibility for the conservation of some dry grassland species, at least on shallow soils. Second, the time scale of the regeneration process, however, is rather long. Hence, conservation of remnants of ancient grassland communities needs special attention.