氮、磷、钾肥配施对桂花品种'金玉台阁'开花性状及叶片中叶绿素和营养元素含量的影响

以桂花品种'金玉台阁'(Osmanthus fragrans'Jinyu Taige')盆栽苗为供试材料,采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案,研究了不同单株施用量CO(NH2)2(0.0、1.0、2.0和3.0 g)、NH4H2PO4(0.0、1.5、3.0和4.5 g)和KCl(0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5 g)对秋冬生长期(2014年10月至2015年2月)'金玉台阁'开花性状及叶片中叶绿素和营养元素的影响进行了比较和分析,并筛选出适宜的氮、磷、钾肥施用量.结果表明:与CK〔CO(NH2)2、NH4H2PO4和KCl的单株施用量均为0.0 g〕组相比,各氮、磷、钾肥配施处理组'金玉台阁'的单株产花量、花瓣相对含水量、花径以及叶片中叶绿素、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量总体上显著升高.CO(NH2)2单株施用量对'金玉台阁'单株产花量、叶片中叶绿素含量和全氮含量的影响最大,NH4H2PO4单株施用量对这3个指标的影响次之;NH4H2PO4单株施用量对'金玉台阁'叶片中全磷含量的影响最大;KCl单株施用量对'金玉台阁'花瓣相对含水量、花径及叶片中全钾含量的影响最大.在秋冬生长期内叶片中叶绿素含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,均在12月份降至最低值.通过建立'金玉台阁'单株产花量(y)与CO(NH2)2、NH4 H2 PO4和KCl的单株施用量(分别为xN、xP和xK)间的肥料效应模型,得到的三元二次肥料效应模型为y=1.2027+0.7561×xN+0.2632×xP+0.4590×xK-0.2761×xN2-0.1201×xP2-0.5007×xK2+0.1901×xN×xP-0.0960×xN×xK+0.1185×xP×xK.以单株产花量为目标,'金玉台阁'的CO(NH2)2、NH4 H2 PO4和KCl的最佳单株施用量分别为2.58、3.56和0.86 g.     

Macrophyte beds in a subtropical reservoir shifted from a nutrient sink to a source after drying then rewetting

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Nitrogen processing by grazers in a headwater stream: riparian connections

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Influence of experimental,environmental, and geographic factors on nutrient‐diffusing substrate experiments in running waters

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Release of resource constraints allows greater carbon allocation to secondary metabolites and storage in winter wheat

The atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) is rapidly increasing, and this may have substantial impact on how plants allocate metabolic resources. A thorough understanding of allocation priorities can be achieved by modifying [CO₂] over a large gradient, including low [CO₂], thereby altering plant carbon (C) availability. Such information is of critical importance for understanding plant responses to global environmental change. We quantified the percentage of daytime whole‐plant net assimilation (A) allocated to night‐time respiration (R), structural growth (SG), nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and secondary metabolites (SMs) during 8 weeks of vegetative growth in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) growing at low, ambient and elevated [CO₂] (170, 390 and 680 ppm). R/A remained relatively constant over a large gradient of [CO₂]. However, with increasing C availability, the fraction of assimilation allocated to biomass (SG + NSC + SMs), in particular NSC and SMs, increased. At low [CO₂], biomass and NSC increased in leaves but decreased in stems and roots, which may help plants achieve a functional equilibrium, that is, overcome the most severe resource limitation. These results reveal that increasing C availability from rising [CO₂] releases allocation constraints, thereby allowing greater investment into long‐term survival in the form of NSC and SMs.     

Plankton abundance in relation to physicochemical factors in the Bui reservoir of Ghana's Black Volta River

The relationship between physicochemical factors and plankton abundance in the newly created Bui reservoir was studied during 2011 and 2012. The objective was to assess the influence of physicochemical factors on plankton abundance and provide data for monitoring the hydrobiology of the newly created Bui reservoir. Two sampling stations were selected on the Black Volta upstream (Bui) and downstream (Bamboi) of the dam, with samples taken pre‐ and postimpoundment during the study period. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to trace temporal plankton community changes and to examine the relationships between species composition and physicochemical variables. The relative abundance of some phytoplankton species such as Anabaena sp., Planktothrix sp. and Scenedesmus sp. was directly correlated to nitrates. CCA indicated that physicochemical variables explained 41–64% of zooplankton and 8–12% of phytoplankton variation. Hence, there were correlations between environmental variables and the structure of plankton assemblages. This feature should therefore be used for bio‐monitoring of environmental variables of the river by the Bui Power Authority to ensure protection of the aquatic biota downstream of the Bui dam.     

Effect of variety and harvest date on nutritive value and ruminal degradability of ensiled maize ears

The nutritive value of whole crop forage maize is influenced by the proportion of ears and stover in the whole crop and by the nutrient composition and digestibility characteristics of the plant parts. An experiment investigating the impact of variety, harvest date and year on the nutritive value of ensiled maize ears was carried out in three consecutive years (2007, 2008 and 2010). Nine different maize varieties were harvested at three different maturity stages (50, 55 and 60% dry matter (DM) content in the ears). After harvest, ears and stover were ensiled separately and afterwards nutrient composition and ruminal nutrient degradability (organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC)) were analysed. Variety had a significant influence on content of CP and effective ruminal degradability (ED) of OM at low passage rates, whereas ED of CP and NFC was not affected by variety. In contrast, harvest date and year significantly influenced nutrient composition and ruminal degradability of ensiled maize ears. The content of NFC increased and the content of fibre components as well as ED of OM, CP and NFC declined with processing maturity of the maize plants. At a passage rate of 5% h^?1, ED of OM declined from 75.9% to 68.4%, ED of CP from 82.5% to 73.8% and ED of NFC from 88.0% to 82.3% between the early and late harvest date. The results of this study indicate that the nutrient composition and ruminal degradability of ensiled maize ears are affected mainly by maturity stage at harvest and by year, whereas variety has only little influence.     

不同光强对棱角山矾幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

通过比较不同遮阴处理下棱角山矾幼苗生长及光合特性的差异,以探讨不同光强对棱角山矾生长及光合作用的影响及其适应机制。结果表明：棱角山矾幼苗的生物量分配对光强的反应敏感,在强光处理下,比叶面积减小,总叶面积变小;弱光处理下通过增大叶生物量比、叶面积比,支持结构生物量比,提高捕光能力。但L100、L30、L10处理下总生物量的积累显著小于L50处理,L30、L50、L100光强处理下总叶面积显著高于L10光强处理。并且10%和100%光强下棱角山矾叶片的最大净光合速率（P_max）、光饱和点（LSP）、表观量子效率（AQY）均显著低于30%和50%光强处理;而光补偿点（LCP）则随光强的增大而升高;总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量在10%~100%随着光强增大而显著降低（P<0.05）。说明棱角山矾幼苗在不同光环境下具有一定适应性,但过强或过弱的光环境均会对棱角山矾的生长产生负面影响,其中50%光强是棱角山矾幼苗生长的最佳光强;棱角山矾为中性树种,苗木适宜生长在荫蔽的环境下。     

青藏高原东缘禾叶风毛菊的繁殖分配与海拔的相关性

通过采样调查法和烘干称重法,对分布在青藏高原东缘不同海拔高度的禾叶风毛菊的繁殖分配的特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）随着海拔的升高,禾叶风毛菊的个体大小、营养器官生物量、繁殖器官生物量、个体管状小花数目、雄蕊质量均与海拔呈负相关关系（P<0.01）;繁殖分配、管状小花生物量、雌蕊质量均与海拔呈正相关关系（P<0.01）;（2）繁殖分配是依赖个体大小的,个体越大,繁殖分配越小（P<0.01）;（3）禾叶风毛菊个体管状小花的数目及重量（P<0.05）、雌雄蕊重量（P<0.05）之间存在权衡关系。由此推论：（1）海拔作为外界因子对禾叶风毛菊花期各生物量及繁殖分配有显著的影响,但海拔并不是影响禾叶风毛菊繁殖分配唯一生态因子,植株个体大小也与其繁殖分配策略密切相关;（2）禾叶风毛菊的垂直分布的特征很有可能就是海拔通过影响植株个体大小变化来完成的。     

Carbon accrual rates,vegetation and nutrient dynamics in a regularly burned coppice woodland in Germany

Historically, large areas of forest in Europe were managed as coppice woodland to produce wood‐based fuel for the smelting industry. We hypothesized that this practice produced a legacy effect on current forest ecosystem properties. Specifically, we hypothesized that the historical form of coppicing may have produced a legacy of elevated stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), nutrients and black carbon (BC) in soil as fire was routinely used in coppiced woodland to clear land. We further hypothesized that these changes in soil properties would result in increased biodiversity. To test these hypotheses, we sampled the surface soil (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm) from a chronosequence of forest sites found in the Siegerland (Germany) that had been coppiced and burned 1, 2, 3.5, 6, 8, 11 and 17 years before present. Mature beech and spruce forests (i.e., >60 years) were also sampled as reference sites: to provide a hint of what might occur in the absence of human intervention. We measured stocks of SOC, BC, NO₃‐N, P, K, Mg, as well as cation exchange and water‐holding capacity, and we mapped plant composition to calculate species richness and evenness. The results showed that coppicing in combination with burning soil and litter improved soil nutrient availability, enhanced biodiversity and increased SOC stocks. The SOC stocks and biodiversity were increased by a factor of three relative to those in the mature beech and spruce forests. This study shows that traditional coppicing practice may facilitate net C accrual rates of 20 t ha^?1 yr^?1 and maintain high biodiversity, indicating that aspects of traditional practice could be applied in current forest management to foster biodiversity and to mitigate climate change.