基于肠道微生态改善的益生菌抗糖尿病作用机制研究进展

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes, T2D)会引起糖脂代谢紊乱,严重危害人类健康,为了防治这一流行病,急需寻找安全和无副作用的抗糖尿病的方法,其中,基于微生物方法治疗T2D最常见的策略是补充益生菌,其可通过对不同组织和代谢通路的调节来实现抗糖尿病的功效。益生菌摄入可通过降低慢性低度炎症,减少氧化应激,调节肠道菌群,增加短链脂肪酸含量来达到调控血糖的目的;通过增加胆固醇与胆盐的共沉淀作用,胆固醇在胃肠道内转化为粪甾醇,降低肝脏中3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶活性,降低胆固醇转运体的表达及对脂肪细胞的调节来达到降脂的目的。本综述系统总结了益生菌抗糖尿病现状和基于肠道微生态的抗糖尿病分子机制,以期为益生菌作为降糖降脂等保健产品的开发利用提供理论依据。     

Metabolic defects shared by Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: A focus on mitochondria

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two global epidemics that share several metabolic defects, such as insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial defects. Importantly, strong evidence demonstrates that T2D significantly increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia, particularly AD. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic defects that characterize and link both pathologies putting the focus on mitochondria. The biomarker potential of mitochondrial components and the therapeutic potential of some drugs that target and modulate mitochondria are also briefly discussed.     

A comparison of transplantable bicoid activity and partial bicoid homeobox sequences in several Drosophila and blowfly species (Calliphoridae)

In order to test for bicoid-like activity in insects other than Drosophila melanogaster, anterior egg cytoplasm from the following species was injected into cleavage stage embryos from mutant D. melanogaster lacking a functional bicoid (bcd) product: six other Drosophila species, the housefly, three blowfly species, the primitive cyclorrhaphic dipteran Megaselia, and the honeybee Apis mellifera; preliminary tests were made with four lower dipterans (Nematocera). Rescue effects were only observed with the drosophilids, housefly, and two of the three blowfly species. Rescue was stronger with the drosophilids than with the other flies as donors. Where checked (D. pseudoobscura), a positive correlation was found between the amount of cytoplasm injected and the number of pattern elements formed, suggesting threshold effects upon target genes as with the endogenous bcd product. By polymerase chain reaction, fragments from a bcd-orthologous homeobox were cloned from the three blowfly species. The derived sequence of 43 amino acids was identical in all blowflies and the housefly but differed at 4 positions from the orthologous D. melanogaster sequence. Localization of the mRNA recognized by the respective fragments in the blowflies Lucilia and Phormia resembled that known from D. melanogaster, while Calliphora — the blowfly species lacking rescue activity —showed remarkable differences of localization in both ovarian follicles and the deposited egg cell. This surprising divergence within a morphologically rather uniform family of cyclorrhaphic dipterans should be of interest from both functional and evolutionary points of view.     

生长抑素在糖尿病大鼠胰腺外分泌功能降低中的作用

本实验观察到,用链佐霉素造成大鼠糖尿病模型,其胰腺组织中生长抑素含量明显升高。大鼠皮下注射生长抑素(100μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))5d,其胰腺组织中淀粉酶的含量明显降低。体外胰腺灌流也表明,生长抑素能抑制CCK—8刺激引起的胰腺淀粉酶释放。以上结果提示,糖尿病时胰腺组织中生长抑素含量的增加可能在胰腺外分泌功能降低中有一定的作用。     

鼠兔核质杂交胚胎早期发育的研究

细胞核移植技术已被证明是研究发育中核质相互关系的非常重要的手段之一,电融合技术也是近十年发展起来的新型细胞融合技术。本实验运用这两项技术,进行了鼠、兔目间核质杂交实验,小鼠8-细胞核在激活的兔去核卵母细胞中,发生了染色体超前凝聚及核膨胀,融合卵移植到小鼠输卵管4.5天后,冲洗出,有5.4%的重构卵发育到囊胚期,通过染色体检查,囊胚细胞中均为小鼠染色体,其中一个囊胚为正常小鼠核型(2 n=40,XX)。通过本实验,我们认为:鼠兔远缘核质杂交胚胎的早期发育是可能的。     

Therapeutic Potential of Clove Essential Oil in Diabetes: Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators,Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Enzyme Activities

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency due to the destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to hyperglycemia, which in turn induces vascular complications. In the current study, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal administration of clove essential oil (CEO: 20 mg/kg body weight) on certain oxidative stress and glucose metabolism enzymes, as well as the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Administration of CEO to diabetic rats showed a significant decline in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, and xanthine oxidase, compared to the streptozotocin group. Furthermore, these treated rats elicited a notable attenuation in the levels of lipid peroxides, and thiols groups in both liver and brain tissues. The activities of antioxidant and metabolic enzymes were reverted to normality in diabetic upon CEO administration. In addition to its protective effects on red blood cell hemolysis, CEO is a potent α-amylase inhibitor with an IC₅₀=298.0±2.75 μg/mL. Also, treatment of diabetic rats with CEO significantly reduced the iNOS expression in the spleen. Our data showed that CEO has potential beneficial effects on diabetes, which can possibly prevent the pathogenesis of diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications.     

八段锦联合抗阻运动对老年2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢、氧化应激及生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨八段锦联合抗阻运动对老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者糖脂代谢、氧化应激及生活质量的影响。方法：选取2021年4月~2022年5月期间在我院接受治疗的老年T2DM患者238例。按照随机数字表法分为对照组（在常规治疗的基础上,接受抗阻运动干预,119例）和联合组（在对照组的基础上,接受八段锦干预,119例）。观察两组糖脂代谢、氧化应激及生活质量的改善情况。结果：干预12周后,联合组体质量指数、腰臀比低于对照组（P<0.05）。干预12周后,联合组空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）低于对照组（P<0.05）。干预12周后,联合组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）高于对照组（P<0.05）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）低于对照组。干预12周后,联合组丙二醛（MDA）低于对照组,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）高于对照组（P<0.05）。干预12周后,联合组的健康调查简表（SF-36）各维度评分均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：八段锦联合抗阻运动用于老年T2DM患者中,可有效改善患者的氧化应激、糖脂代谢,并提高患者的生活质量。     

血糖控制水平与2型糖尿病患者根尖周病的相关关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血糖控制水平与2型糖尿病合并根尖周病的相关性。方法：回顾性选择2018年9月～2022年9月我院收治的300例2型糖尿病患者临床资料,根据是否发生根尖周病将患者分为根尖周病组（45例）和对照组（255例）,根据糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）分为血糖控制不佳组（HbA1c≥6.5%,105例）,血糖控制良好组（HbA1c＜6.5%,195例）。多因素Logistic回归分析2型糖尿病合并根尖周病的相关因素,受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析HbA1c诊断2型糖尿病合并根尖周病的价值。结果：血糖控制不佳组根尖周病发病率（28.57% vs 7.69%）、PAI评分（2.66±0.41分 vs1.24±0.26分）均高于血糖控制良好组（P＜0.001）。根尖周病组吸烟史比例、牙周疾病比例、血糖控制不佳比例、FPG高于对照组（P＜0.001）,2型糖尿病病程长于对照组（P＜0.001）,服用二甲双胍比例低于对照组（P＜0.01）。多因素Logistic回归结果显示血糖控制不佳、吸烟史是2型糖尿病患者合并根尖周病的危险因素（P＜0.001,P＜0.01）,服用二甲双胍是保护因素（P＜0.001）。HbA1c诊断2型糖尿病患者合并根尖周病的曲线下面积为0.659（95%CI：0.650-0.756, P＜0.01）,灵敏度为73.33%,特异度为62.75%,约登指数为0.3608。结论：血糖控制不佳可能与2型糖尿病患者根尖周病的发生有关,临床应积极控制血糖水平以阻止根尖周病的发生。     

2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者龈沟液Omentin-1、MMP-9、OPG/RANKL比值与牙周指标、氧化应激和NLRP3炎症小体的关系

摘要 目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）伴慢性牙周炎（CP）患者龈沟液网膜素-1（Omentin-1）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、骨保护素（OPG）/细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配体（RANKL）比值与牙周指标、氧化应激和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3（NLRP3）炎症小体的关系。方法：选择2020年6月至2022年6月首都医科大学附属北京康复医院收治的73例T2DM患者（T2DM组）,77例CP患者（CP组）,83例T2DM伴CP患者（T2DM伴CP组）。检测所有患者龈沟液中Omentin-1、MMP-9、OPG/RANKL比值,分析其与牙周指标、氧化应激和NLRP3炎症小体相关分子信使核糖核酸（mRNA）表达的相关性。结果：T2DM伴CP组龈沟液中Omentin-1,OPG/RANKL比值、总抗氧化能力（TAC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）低于T2DM组和CP组（P＜0.05）,MMP-9、丙二醛（MDA）、NLRP3mRNA、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白（ASC）mRNA、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1（caspase-1）mRNA表达以及出血指数（SBI）、菌斑指数（PLI）、牙周袋探诊深度（PD）、附着丧失（AL）高于T2DM组和CP组（P＜0.05）。T2DM伴CP患者龈沟液中Omentin-1、OPG/RANKL比值与TAC、SOD呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与MDA、NLRP3mRNA、ASC mRNA、caspase-1mRNA表达以及PLI、SBI、AL、PD呈负相关（P＜0.05）,MMP-9与TAC、SOD呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与MDA、NLRP3mRNA、ASC mRNA、caspase-1mRNA表达以及PLI、SBI、AL、PD呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论：T2DM伴CP患者龈沟液中Omentin-1水平、OPG/ RANKL比值降低,MMP-9水平升高,与牙周组织破坏加重、氧化应激、NLRP3炎症小体激活有关。