全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1030篇 |
免费 | 93篇 |
国内免费 | 66篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 20篇 |
2020年 | 22篇 |
2019年 | 38篇 |
2018年 | 31篇 |
2017年 | 32篇 |
2016年 | 27篇 |
2015年 | 39篇 |
2014年 | 60篇 |
2013年 | 76篇 |
2012年 | 58篇 |
2011年 | 55篇 |
2010年 | 59篇 |
2009年 | 48篇 |
2008年 | 45篇 |
2007年 | 75篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 65篇 |
2004年 | 42篇 |
2003年 | 33篇 |
2002年 | 25篇 |
2001年 | 38篇 |
2000年 | 26篇 |
1999年 | 19篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 16篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 15篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1189条查询结果,搜索用时 453 毫秒
121.
122.
A major goal of microbial community ecology is to understand the forces that structure community composition. Deterministic selection by specific environmental factors is sometimes important, but in other cases stochastic or ecologically neutral processes dominate. Lacking is a unified conceptual framework aiming to understand why deterministic processes dominate in some contexts but not others. Here we work toward such a framework. By testing predictions derived from general ecological theory we aim to uncover factors that govern the relative influences of deterministic and stochastic processes. We couple spatiotemporal data on subsurface microbial communities and environmental parameters with metrics and null models of within and between community phylogenetic composition. Testing for phylogenetic signal in organismal niches showed that more closely related taxa have more similar habitat associations. Community phylogenetic analyses further showed that ecologically similar taxa coexist to a greater degree than expected by chance. Environmental filtering thus deterministically governs subsurface microbial community composition. More importantly, the influence of deterministic environmental filtering relative to stochastic factors was maximized at both ends of an environmental variation gradient. A stronger role of stochastic factors was, however, supported through analyses of phylogenetic temporal turnover. Although phylogenetic turnover was on average faster than expected, most pairwise comparisons were not themselves significantly non-random. The relative influence of deterministic environmental filtering over community dynamics was elevated, however, in the most temporally and spatially variable environments. Our results point to general rules governing the relative influences of stochastic and deterministic processes across micro- and macro-organisms. 相似文献
123.
Inferring population history and demography using microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Bos DH Gopurenko D Williams RN Dewoody JA 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2008,62(6):1458-1468
Microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have traditionally been used in population genetics because of their variability and presumed neutrality, whereas genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are increasingly of interest because strong selective pressures shape their standing variation. Despite the potential for MHC genes, microsatellites, and mtDNA sequences to complement one another in deciphering population history and demography, the three are rarely used in tandem. Here we report on MHC, microsatellite, and mtDNA variability in a single large population of the eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum). We use the mtDNA mismatch distribution and, on microsatellite data, the imbalance index and bottleneck tests to infer aspects of population history and demography. Haplotype and allelic variation was high at all loci surveyed, and heterozygosity was high at the nuclear loci. We find concordance among neutral molecular markers that suggests our study population originated from post-Pleistocene expansions of multiple, fragmented sources that shared few migrants. Differences in N(e) estimates derived from haploid and diploid genetic markers are potentially attributable to secondary contact among source populations that experienced rapid mtDNA divergence and comparatively low levels of nuclear DNA divergence. We find strong evidence of natural selection acting on MHC genes and estimate long-term effective population sizes (N(e)) that are very large, making small selection intensities significant evolutionary forces in this population. 相似文献
124.
Currat M Ruedi M Petit RJ Excoffier L 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2008,62(8):1908-1920
Despite hundreds of reports involving both plants and animals, the mechanisms underlying introgression remain obscure, even if some form of selection is frequently invoked. Introgression has repeatedly been reported in species that have recently colonized a new habitat, suggesting that demographic processes should be given more attention for understanding the mechanisms of introgression. Here we show by spatially explicit simulations that massive introgression of neutral genes takes place during the invasion of an occupied territory if interbreeding is not severely prevented between the invading and the local species. We also demonstrate that introgression occurs almost exclusively from the local to the invading species, especially for populations located far away from the source of the invasion, and this irrespective of the relative densities of the two species. This pattern is strongest at markers experiencing reduced gene flow, in keeping with the observation that organelle genes are often preferentially introgressed across species boundaries. A survey of the literature shows that a majority of published empirical studies of introgression during range expansions, in animals and in plants, follow the predictions of our model. Our results imply that speciation genes can be identified by comparing genomes of interfertile native and invading species pairs. 相似文献
125.
Fate and proliferation of gastric mucosal cells during hyperplasia of Taenia taeniaeformis eggs inoculated Wistar rats were investigated using PCNA immunohistochemistry, BrdU labeling and other histopathologic staining techniques. Results revealed marked cell proliferation in gastric corpus and antral mucosa of infected rats as evidenced by increased lengths of proliferative zones and indices of BrdU labeling. The gastropathy in corpus was characterized by massive accumulation of precursors, neck and intermediate cells following significant decreases in numbers of parietal and zymogenic cells. Gastropathy in antrum was described with significant increases in precursors and mucous cells. Our results suggested that T. taeniaeformis-induced gastric hyperplasia was initiated by depletion of parietal cells presumably due to the cestode's ES products. As a result, there was inhibition of zymogenic cell differentiation due to the disruption of normal development pathways of gastric mucosal lineages. These sequences of events were considered to cause the increase in cell proliferation and accumulation of intermediate cells resulting to the hyperplastic lesions. 相似文献
126.
Only one study previously mentioned the involvement of colon during Taenia taeniaeformis larvae infection in rats with inconsistent occurrence of lesions. Present study aimed to determine the consistency of histopathologic changes in colonic epithelia, and the proliferation of mucosal cells through BrdU and PCNA immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrated that crypt hyperplasia of the colon was found in all infected rats, although variable in degree even in a single tissue section. Cystic cavities were frequently seen in severely hyperplastic mucosa. Proliferative zone lengths were significantly increased and PCNA positive cells were observed throughout the colonic crypt lengths at 9 but not at 6 weeks post infection. Cell proliferation involving the major types of cells in the epithelial colon was also increased in infected rats at 9 weeks post infection, with labeling indices significantly greater than the control rats throughout the BrdU time course labeling. Findings suggested that massive increases in epithelial cells and depth of colonic crypts were due to a remarkable increase in cell proliferation. The study concluded that enteropathy in the colon during T. taeniaeformis infection could be consistently observed in heavily infected rats. 相似文献
127.
U.H. Jin J.A. Chun M.O. Han J.W. Lee Y.B. Yi S.W. Lee C.H. Chung 《Process Biochemistry》2005,40(12):3754-3762
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) hairy roots were transformed with a fungal (Aspergillus) phytase and their culture conditions were surveyed for the extra-cellular production of the recombinant phytase protein in shake flasks. Kanamycin resistance of sesame hairy roots was observed at 50 μg ml−1 kanamycin sulfate and southern hybridization analysis confirmed the existence of the phytase gene in the hairy root genomic DNA. The continuous dark condition was more effective for both the root growth and phytase production than light. Slightly higher root growth was determined at 30 °C than 26 °C in Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, while the final phytase production was greatest in MS medium with 5 or 3% sucrose at both temperatures of 26 and at 30 °C. Among the culture media used, full-strength MS medium was exclusively efficient for production of the recombinant phytase. Most rapid increase rates in both the root growth and phytase production were detected at the 4th week of the culture periods and thereafter their rates began to decrease. Our results indicated that 5–6-week culture periods may be necessary for the maximal phytase production. Western analysis revealed that even though the phytase proteins expressed were measured with greater activities in the liquid medium than in the root tissues, they were still retained in the tissues. 相似文献
128.
Central to Hubbell's neutral theory of biodiversity is a universal, dimensionless fundamental biodiversity parameter that is the product of community size and speciation rate. One of the most important discoveries of Hubbell's theory is that the species‐abundance distribution and the species–area relationship of the neutral metacommunity is completely determined by this fundamental biodiversity parameter, although the diversity patterns of the local community are collectively determined by the biodiversity parameter and migration. Using the relative abundance of species and following the concept of heterozygosity of population genetics, here we developed an analytical relationship between this biodiversity parameter and the well‐known Simpson diversity index. This relationship helps bridge the evolutionary aspect of biodiversity to the ecological and statistical aspect of the diversity. The relationship between these two parameters suggests that diversity patterns of the metacommunity can also be equally described by the Simpson index. This relationship provides an alternative approach to interpret and estimate the fundamental biodiversity parameter for the metacommunity. 相似文献
129.
Tadashi Fukami T. Martijn Bezemer Simon R. Mortimer Wim H. van der Putten 《Ecology letters》2005,8(12):1283-1290
Despite decades of research, it remains controversial whether ecological communities converge towards a common structure determined by environmental conditions irrespective of assembly history. Here, we show experimentally that the answer depends on the level of community organization considered. In a 9‐year grassland experiment, we manipulated initial plant composition on abandoned arable land and subsequently allowed natural colonization. Initial compositional variation caused plant communities to remain divergent in species identities, even though these same communities converged strongly in species traits. This contrast between species divergence and trait convergence could not be explained by dispersal limitation or community neutrality alone. Our results show that the simultaneous operation of trait‐based assembly rules and species‐level priority effects drives community assembly, making it both deterministic and historically contingent, but at different levels of community organization. 相似文献
130.
植酸酶phyAm基因结构延伸突变改善酶的热稳定性 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
将来源于黑曲霉N25的植酸酶基因phyA^m重组于大肠杆菌表达载体pET-30b(+),以重组表达载体pET30b-FphyA^e为模板经PCR扩增获得结构延伸突变植酸酶基因phyA^m(在植酸酶基因C端增加了来源于pET-30b-FphyA^m载体上13氨基酸残基)。含突变基因的重组表达载体pPIC9k-phyA^e在GS115酵母中表达。纯化的突变酶pp-NP^e与野生型酶PP-NP^m-8相比:PP-NPA^e的最适反应温度上升了3气,75℃处理10min,热稳定性提高21%,比活力略有提高。最适反应pH为5.6,有效pH范围pH4,6到pH6.6。比未突变酶扩大了0.4单位。 相似文献