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991.
To analyze differences between apes and monkeys and the affinities of man, we have studied the shoulder girdle of 327 specimens of anthropoid primates. The scapula, clavicle and humerus are viewed as an integrated functional complex on the basis of 18 measurements. Several varieties of multivariate analysis show that man is clearly closer to other hominoids than to the included monkey taxa (whether terrestrial or arboreal, Old World or New World). The marked shoulder differences between apes and monkeys and similarities between apes and man correlate with the muscular anatomy, which in hominoids allows the motions involved in their locomotion and feeding behavior. As the hominid-pongid correspondence in shoulder morphology is especially detailed regarding the functionally important joint surfaces, it is consistent with a fairly recent period of common ancestry and behavior. No hypothetical evolutionary pathway or ancestral form of the human shoulder need look far beyond the model afforded by extant pongids. In contrast with previous studies on the primate shoulder, these results agree with information accumulating from other systems—comparative anatomy, primate behavior, and molecular biology — in suggesting very close relationship between man and extant African pongids. 相似文献
992.
D. Sharp 《Plant Ecology》1976,31(2):103-119
Summary The vegetation of cultivated, fallow and ‘old’ fields of Scotland County, N.C. was both randomly and subjectively sampled
throughout the growing season of 1973. Relevés were placed in each of the above management units, and the data collected in
this relevé analysis were sorted into phytosociological charts, with the aid of the digital computer.
Weed associations delimited in the charts reflected the importance of edaphic factors, time (aspect), and man's agricultural
activities as causal factors in the determination of characteristic assemblages of weeds. Several character and differential
species were denoted, in a tentative classification of the weed associations. The cultivated and fallow stands in the spring
aspect were noted to be dominated by a group of spring annuals. Summer annuals were more prevalent in homologous situations
in the summer. It was determined that perennials, appearing mainly as seedlings in cultivated and fallow fields, attained
dominance in ‘old’ fields, one to five years in age. Within each of the major spheres of management, and in each season, associations
of weeds mainly reflected differences in edaphic factors. Many character species were noted to maintain affinities to an assortment
of soil types that ranged from moist loams to xeric, sterile sands.
A study of roadsides, hedgerows, field margins and other ecotonal areas inhabited by weeds was carried throughout the growing
season of 1973, also. Species presence was documented in each of these habitat types and reported in Sharp (1974).
The weed flora of Scotland County was found to be rich in species. A total of 506 species representing 248 genera and 80 families
were encountered throughout the study. Of the total number of species listed, approximately 25 percent were of foreign origin,
and 28 percent represented additions to the flora of Scotland County.
This paper is the short version of a masters thesis for the Department of Botany, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
The author would like to extend his appreciation and gratitude to Professors H. Lieth, A. E. Radford and J. Hardin for their
generous advice and encouragement extended through the duration of the study. 相似文献
993.
Jayr de Paiva Campello Sebastião Ferreira Fonseca Ching-Jer Chang Ernest Wenkert 《Phytochemistry》1975,14(1):243-248
Sitosterol and the following terpenic compounds have been isolated from the bark of Podocarpus lambertius: 3β-hydroxytotarol, 4β-carboxynortotarol, and macrophyllic and lambertic acids. The leaves yielded sitosterol, stigmastan-3β,5α-diol-6-one, isopimaric acid, phyllocladene, isophyllocladene, 8,9-abieten-15-ol and 17-isophyllocladenol. 相似文献
994.
A cinematographic method of biomechanical motion analysis is presented which permits the determination of body segment forces and joint moments of force, and thereby dominant muscle action. An analysis of the horizontal leap of Cercopithecus is used as an example of the utility of this approach in the area of functional morphology. Kinematic and kinetic data are presented and discussed in terms of the biomechanical requirements of this form of locomotion. The importance of a consideration of inertial as well as gravitational forces in an analysis of positional behavior involving body motion is stressed. 相似文献
995.
A. Vincent Lombardi 《American journal of physical anthropology》1975,42(1):99-104
The traditional morphogenetic fields of the human dentition were evaluated by means of factor analysis of dental dimensions taken from a series of human crania. When crown length, crown width and crown index were considered separately, factors emerged which could be identified with the tooth group fields. But a combined crown length-crown width analysis generated factors which extended beyond the regional tooth groups. Crown width itself was revealed to be an important axis of morphologic intergration. It was concluded that univariate methods are not adequate for identifying morphogenetic fields; the teeth must be treated as multidimensional units where the correlation among dimensions is accounted for. 相似文献
996.
Robert S. Corruccini 《American journal of physical anthropology》1975,42(1):167-170
Multivariate analysis of measurements of the teeth and mandibles of Gigantopithecus species has been conducted, using several methods. Results indicate Gigantopithecus is an aberrant form, less related to australopithecines and gorillas than the latter are to each other. Gracile and robust australopithecines differ considerably more than do male and female gorillas. 相似文献
997.
998.
Aim Gondwanan lineages are a prominent component of the Australian terrestrial biota. However, most squamate (lizard and snake) lineages in Australia appear to be derived from relatively recent dispersal from Asia (< 30 Ma) and in situ diversification, subsequent to the isolation of Australia from other Gondwanan landmasses. We test the hypothesis that the Australian radiation of diplodactyloid geckos (families Carphodactylidae, Diplodactylidae and Pygopodidae), in contrast to other endemic squamate groups, has a Gondwanan origin and comprises multiple lineages that originated before the separation of Australia from Antarctica. Location Australasia. Methods Bayesian (beast ) and penalized likelihood rate smoothing (PLRS) (r 8s ) molecular dating methods and two long nuclear DNA sequences (RAG‐1 and c‐mos) were used to estimate a timeframe for divergence events among 18 genera and 30 species of Australian diplodactyloids. Results At least five lineages of Australian diplodactyloid geckos are estimated to have originated > 34 Ma (pre‐Oligocene) and basal splits among the Australian diplodactyloids occurred c. 70 Ma. However, most extant generic and intergeneric diversity within diplodactyloid lineages appears to post‐date the late Oligocene (< 30 Ma). Main conclusions Basal divergences within the diplodactyloids significantly pre‐date the final break‐up of East Gondwana, indicating that the group is one of the most ancient extant endemic vertebrate radiations east of Wallace’s Line. At least five Australian lineages of diplodactyloid gecko are each as old or older than other well‐dated Australian squamate radiations (e.g. elapid snakes and agamids). The limbless Pygopodidae (morphologically the most aberrant living geckos) appears to have radiated before Australia was occupied by potential ecological analogues. However, in spite of the great age of the diplodactyloid radiation, most extant diversity appears to be of relatively recent origin, a pattern that is shared with other Australian squamate lineages. 相似文献
999.
3-Indole carboxylic acid (ICA) has been characterized as an endogenous constituent of Pinus sylvestris needles. Quantitative estimates of 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) and ICA, corrected for both sample losses and the conversion of IAA to ICA occurring during purification, indicate that Pinus needles contain 24.5 ± 6.5 ng IAA/g and 2.3 ± 0.4 ng ICA/g. 相似文献
1000.
The essential oil of Thymus capitatus was investigated by glass capillary gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. In the analysis, 22 hitherto unreported trace constituents were isolated, of which 20 were identified. 相似文献