重寄生属植物及其在我国的分布、现状与保护对策

重寄生属(Phacellaria)植物共有8个种,其地理分布主要局限于东南亚和我国华南和西南地区的亚热带和热带山地森林中,其中我国分布有6个种。重寄生属植物的寄主仅局限于桑寄生科(Loranthaceae)和檀香科(Santalaceae)寄生藤属(Dendrotrophe)的植物。作者在查阅国内主要标本馆的馆藏标本、野外调查并结合已有研究报道的基础上,详细分析了我国重寄生属植物目前的生存现状,认为它们已经处于渐危或濒危的境地。造成重寄生属植物渐危或濒危的主要因素是森林过度砍伐导致的重寄生植物寄主种群密度的降低;与重寄生植物种子传播者啄花鸟类的生境片断化和数量的减少等也有密切的关系。重寄生属植物与其寄主、种子传播者啄花鸟类和生境中的其他生物形成了复杂的关系,是生物多样性的重要组成部分。因此,有必要对重寄生属植物进行保护。提出了保护重寄生属植物的生境、保护啄花鸟类和加强其生物学特性研究等保护对策。     

合浦县野生稻资源现状调查及保护对策

本文报道了合浦县普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)资源调查收集结果、地理分布现状与濒危原因.考察发现野生稻原生地新分布点1个,面积约133.34m2.现存原记载野生稻原生地分布点9个仅占25.0%,分布范围在109°13'～109°45'E、21°36'～21°52'N.考察发现合浦县野生稻原生地破坏十分严重,已毁灭的原生地占原记载的75.0%.造成野生稻濒危的主要原因是人们的各种活动,包括城镇扩大、修公路、农业开垦、过度放牧、环境污染、外来物种侵蚀等.针对合浦县野生稻现状,本文提出采用异位保存与原位保存相结合的保护对策.     

生化标记和分子标记在蕈菌研究中的应用现状

本文介绍了目前在蕈菌研究中的酯酶同工酶标记,RAPD标记,RFLP标记,AFLP标记,简单重复序列标记和电泳核型等分子标记和生化标记在蕈菌遗传育种、菌株鉴定、遗传多样性研究、亲缘关系和基因定位等方面的研究、应用现状,包括原理、应用领域及最新研究进展。     

Towards the biocontrol of bindweeds with a mycoherbicide

Within the framework of the European COST Action 816, afive-year collaboration between scientists from five Europeancountries has made an important contribution to biologicalcontrol of field and hedge bindweeds (Convolvulus arvensis andCalystegia sepium, respectively). A fungus Stagonosporaconvolvuli strain LA39, able to infect both field and hedgebindweed, was found in the UK and its biocontrol efficacyimproved by optimising mass production, formulation and storagetechniques. This fungus controlled bindweeds in both a cemeteryand in maize crops. Its use fits best in an integrated pestmanagement system where a green cover controls most of the weedsexcept the bindweeds. DNA marker analyses indicate that thefungus reproduces sexually, which could be used to furtherimprove this mycoherbicide. In addition, the insect Melanagromyzaalbocilia, which itself exhibits biocontrol potential againstbindweeds, may be used in combination with LA39 to improve theability of the fungus to penetrate the stem of bindweeds.Overall, the results suggest that S. convolvuli LA39 haspromising potential as a bioherbicide for control of field andhedge bindweed.     

绿色荧光蛋白基因结合鼠Talin基因蛋白标记转基因水稻活体生殖细胞及精细胞的微丝骨架

利用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因结合鼠Talin基因表达技术及水稻(Oryza sativa L.)转基因技术,筛选出表达稳定和具等位基因型的第三代转基因水稻。在其活体花粉的4个发育阶段(Ⅰ．小孢子晚期;Ⅱ．二细胞早期;Ⅲ．二细胞晚期;Ⅳ．三细胞阶段),观察了细胞内微丝骨架的分布和结构形态的变化。发现在这4个花粉发育阶段,花粉内的营养核、生殖核、生殖细胞和精细胞都在不同的发育阶段出现位移。而这些位移与微丝骨架的结构变化和运动有密切关系。在胞质中央的微丝网络以及细胞周质的网络不断变化和互动,导致营养核、生殖核或生殖细胞和精细胞的定向位移。在活体生殖细胞和精细胞内,存有一股与细胞纵轴平行排列的微丝骨架。这些微丝骨架对生殖细胞及精细胞可以提供移动的动力,这对生殖细胞或精细胞在花管内以及胚囊内的运动(包括独自游动)提供了依据。     

试用灰色局势决策原理综合评价大豆新品种

根据灰色局势决策原理,利用目标赋权获得加权局势决策方法,对1996—1997年山东省大豆新品种区域试验结果进行分析,综合14个主要性状指标,排出各个品种的优劣,结果与生产实际一致。认为这是一种较全面、较合理的综合评价大豆品种优劣的方法。     

Diet of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik,Senegal: I. Composition

The composition of the diet of a savanna-living population of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Assirik in Senegal is presented. The study site had a prolonged dry season, high temperatures, and vegetation dominated by grasses. Data came from direct observation, fecal specimens, and feeding traces; thus, strict criteria for acceptance of the indirect data were specified. Composition of diet was given in terms of species and family of prey, parts eaten, life-form, type of habitat, and criteria for inclusion. Forty-three species of plants with 60 parts were eaten; mostly fruits, from trees, in woodland. Nine species of animal prey were eaten, mostly social insects. An additional 41 species of plants with 53 parts were classed as likely to be eaten by chimpanzees, mostly on the grounds of their being eaten by sympatric anthropoids. Overall, the diet of the apes at Mt. Assirik resembles that of this species elsewhere in Africa, but the size of the dietary repertoire seems small and the proportion of low-quality foodstuffs high. The latter are mostly time-consuming to collect or tedious to obtain or process, and include underground storage organs.     

Against autonomy: How proposed solutions to the problems of living wills forgot its underlying principle

Significant criticisms have been raised regarding the ethical and psychological basis of living wills. Various solutions to address these criticisms have been advanced, such as the use of surrogate decision makers alone or data science-driven algorithms. These proposals share a fundamental weakness: they focus on resolving the problems of living wills, and, in the process, lose sight of the underlying ethical principle of advance care planning, autonomy. By suggesting that the same sweeping solutions, without opportunities for choice, be applied to all, individual patients are treated as population-level groups—as a theoretical patient who represents a population, not the specific patient crafting his or her individualized future care plans. Instead, advance care planning can be improved through a multimodal approach that both mitigates cognitive biases and allows for customization of the decision-making process by allowing for the incorporation of a variety of methods of advance care planning.