Importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus leafhoppers

The importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott), D. gelbus DeLong, and D. quinquenotatus DeLong & Nault (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) was determined by comparing pre- and post-contact responses of leafhoppers to maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) with those to vertical models varying in hue or value (total amount of reflected light). For each species, more contacts were made with maize by jumping/flying than by walking, and both sexes remained on maize for similar times after contact. When presented simultaneously with seven models (vertical wooden rods) painted in different colors, each species made more contacts with yellow. Yellow also received more contacts when it was present in a group of four colors. There were no differences in contacts made with the yellow model by jumping/flying or by walking for D. maidis and D. gelbus, but D. quinquenotatus made more contacts by jumping/flying than by walking. If yellow was not present in the group, the color reflecting maximally between 500–580 nm received more contacts compared to the other three colors. Responses to a series of neutrals indicated contacts were elicited primarily because of hue, and not changes in value. Yellow also elicited tenure as long or significantly longer than other colors after contact with a model. For each species, there were no differences in tenure between males and females on models. The importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus leafhoppers is suggested to be influenced by differences in flight behavior and habitat stability of field hosts.

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Résumé Nous avons examiné l'importance de la couleur dans la découverte de l'hôte, en comparant au laboratoire les réactions avant et après contacts avec des plants de maïs,-à 4 feuilles-, et avec des leurres peints présentant des différences de nuance ou de quantité de lumière réfléchie, chez 3 espèces de Dalbulus: D. maidis,-spécialiste du maïs-, D. gelbus,-qui consomme le maïs et Tripsacum, et D. quinquenotatus,-spécialiste de Tripsacum. Les espèces entrent en contact avec le maïs plus en voltigeant que par la marche, mâles et femelles séjournant plusieurs heures après être entrés en contact. En utilisant des leurres végétaux,-des morceaux de bois verticaux peints de différentes couleurs-, une forte réponse au jaune, due à la teinte plus qu'à l'intensité, a été mise en évidence. Il n'y a pas de différence dans les contacts après voltige ou après marche avec des leurres jaunes pour D. maidis et D. gelbus, tandis que chez D. quinquenotatus, ils sont plus fréquents après voltige. Ces 3 espèces de Dalbulus continuent à être influencées par la couleur après contact, puisque chaque espèce reste plus longtemps sur le jaune que sur les autres couleurs. L'importance de la stimulation par la couleur dans la découverte des hôtes par Dalbulus est semble-t-il due au comportement de vol et à la stabilité de l'habitat dans la nature.

     

Lumicella,a new genus of the tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera,Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae) from China

Lumicella rotundata gen. et sp. n. is described based on specimens from Fujian Province, China. Habitus photos and illustrations of male genitalia of this new species are provided. Differences between the new genus and closely related genera are discussed.     

A new deltocephaline leafhopper genus,Melanetettix, from Melanesia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

Melanetettix gen. nov. is described from Melanesia for 22 new species of leafhoppers. The new species fall into four groups. New species described are M. bicolor, M. bifidus, M. capitatus, M. curvatus, M. delmoi, M. elongatus, M. maai, M. marginatus, M. ocellatus, M. pallidus, M. rhamphodes, M. roseus, M. semeraroae, M. sinuatus, M. aculeus, M. bifurcatus, M. truncatus, M. clavatus, M. ensiferus, M. nielsoni, M. rotundatus and M. alatus. An identification key to the new species is provided along with discussion of the affinities of Melanetettix, which is close to Scaphoideus Uhler.     

轻中度石漠化地区不同土地利用类型叶蝉群落结构及动态

轻中度石漠化地区生态环境较为脆弱，昆虫是生态系统中的重要角色。以叶蝉作为指示生物，在轻中度石漠化地区选取刺梨林、核桃林、玫瑰园、桃林、李子林以及草地6种不同土地利用类型的样地进行叶蝉标本采集，分析6类样地中叶蝉群落的物种组成、相似性、多样性、均匀度和丰富度等特征及其与各地理要素之间的关系。同时还分析了不同月份叶蝉群落的物种组成、多样性、均匀度和丰富度等指数的变化趋势。结果如下：共鉴定叶蝉11亚科52属。拟竹叶蝉属Bambusananus Li&Xing、顶斑叶蝉属Empoascanara Distant和小绿叶蝉属Empoasca Walsh是各样地的优势类群，共占69.4%。尤其是小绿叶蝉属Empoasca，在不同样地中个体数都是最多，占总采集数量的44.6%。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数表现为：刺梨林 > 草地 > 核桃林 > 李子林 > 桃树林 > 玫瑰园；Pieluo均匀性指数则是：草地 > 刺梨林 > 李子林 > 桃树林 > 核桃林 > 玫瑰园，Simpson优势度指数为：玫瑰园 > 李子林 > 草地 > 刺梨林 > 桃树林 > 核桃林。温度是影响叶蝉群落个体数量的重要环境因子之一，气压和湿度等环境因子则与之无明显相关性。结果表明在生态环境脆弱的轻中度石漠化地区，草地和刺梨林两种土地利用类型的叶蝉个体数与类群数较为丰富，是较为合适的喀斯特生态环境修复的土地利用类型，研究结果将对石漠化治理和喀斯特轻-中度石漠化地区生态恢复技术集成与示范具有重要指导意义。     

Attachment of the Flavescence doree pathogen (MLO) to leafhopper vectors and other insects

Flavescence doree (FD) is an important yellows disease of grapevine, caused by mycoplasma-like-organism (MLO) and is transmitted in the field by the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball. It can be transmitted in the laboratory between Vicia faba test plants by the leafhopper, Euscelidius variegatus Kbm. A technique to identify a specific attachment system between the MLO and the leafhopper vectors was developed. In this method, called “Double Dot”, extracts of macerated healthy whole insects or organs applied to a support membrane or cryosections of healthy whole leafhoppers, are incubated with a MLO-enriched extract from FD-infected V. faba or FD-infected E. variegatus. Attached MLO cells were identified by immunolabelling using FD-MLO specific monoclonal antibodies. Attachment of MLO cells was obtained on extracts of healthy S. titanus and E. variegatus and on tissues such as salivary glands, hemolymph and alimentary tract. On cryosections, MLO attachment was obtained on acini IV and V of the salivary glands and on some acini III, on the ventriculus of the alimentary tract, and on the abdomen fat bodies. “Double dot” experiments were done using other insect species, and MLO cells attachment was obtained on most MLO-vector insects but also on insects from a few non-vector species.     

Screening potential insect vectors in a museum biorepository reveals undiscovered diversity of plant pathogens in natural areas

Phytoplasmas (Mollicutes, Acholeplasmataceae), vector‐borne obligate bacterial plant parasites, infect nearly 1,000 plant species and unknown numbers of insects, mainly leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Deltocephalinae), which play a key role in transmission and epidemiology. Although the plant–phytoplasma–insect association has been evolving for >300 million years, nearly all known phytoplasmas have been discovered as a result of the damage inflicted by phytoplasma diseases on crops. Few efforts have been made to study phytoplasmas occurring in noneconomically important plants in natural habitats. In this study, a subsample of leafhopper specimens preserved in a large museum biorepository was analyzed to unveil potential new associations. PCR screening for phytoplasmas performed on 227 phloem‐feeding leafhoppers collected worldwide from natural habitats revealed the presence of 6 different previously unknown phytoplasma strains. This indicates that museum collections of herbivorous insects represent a rich and largely untapped resource for discovery of new plant pathogens, that natural areas worldwide harbor a diverse but largely undiscovered diversity of phytoplasmas and potential insect vectors, and that independent epidemiological cycles occur in such habitats, posing a potential threat of disease spillover into agricultural systems. Larger‐scale future investigations will contribute to a better understanding of phytoplasma genetic diversity, insect host range, and insect‐borne phytoplasma transmission and provide an early warning for the emergence of new phytoplasma diseases across global agroecosystems.     

Effects of bund crops and insecticide treatments on arthropod diversity and herbivore regulation in tropical rice fields

Ecological engineering using vegetable or flower strips is promoted as a potential pest management strategy in irrigated rice. Farmers in the Philippines often plant rice levees (bunds) with vegetables, particularly string beans (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walpers) to supplement income, but without considering the potential for pest management. This study examines the effects of planted bunds on rice herbivores and their natural enemies. We compared arthropods in (a) rice fields that had string beans planted on bunds, (b) fields without string beans and without any insecticide applications and (c) fields without string beans but with insecticide treatments (standard practice). Rice yield was similar across all treatments; however, the vegetation strips produced an extra 3.6 kg of fresh string bean pods per metre of bund. There were no apparent increases in major natural enemy groups in fields with string beans compared to fields with conventional bunds. Fields with insecticide treatments had higher damage from leaffolders (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The sprayed fields also had lower parasitism of planthopper eggs and fewer predatory dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). Furthermore, the mortality of planthopper (Delphacidae: Hemiptera) and stemborer (Pyralidae) eggs by parasitoids and predators was density dependent only in the unsprayed fields (with and without string beans). Our results demonstrate that planting string beans on rice bunds improves the productivity of rice farms, but our ecological engineering system did not appreciably affect natural enemy or herbivore abundance; however, chemical insecticides adversely affected pest regulatory ecosystem functions leading to higher pest damage.     

A remarkable new opsiine leafhopper genus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Southern China,with notes on its phylogenetic position

A remarkable new genus of tribe Opsiini (Deltocephalinae), Yinformibus gen. nov. including Yinformibus menglaensis sp. nov. is described from Yunnan of China. The new genus is placed in the tribe Opsiini based on male adults having a pair of aedeagal shafts, each with its own gonopore. Partial 28S rDNA and Histone H3 sequences are provided for the new species, and a phylogenetic analysis based on these markers for Deltocephalinae retrieved from GenBank suggests Opsiini is monophyletic and supports the placement of Yinformibus gen. nov. in Opsiini. The molecular results placed the new genus in a clade comprising Hishimonus Ishihara, Opsius Fieber, and an undescribed genus from Zambia. Additionally, we also analysed the relationships of Yinformibus gen. nov. with other genera based on morphology.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:85C23AC3-8B19-4F29-9F55-BFC392242B51     

Leafhopper response to genetically diverse maize stands

At a site in Nicaragua with high population densities of the leafhopper Dalbulus maidis Delong & Wolcott, leafhopper densities were significantly lower in mixed stands of maize (Zea mays mays L.) varieties than would be expected by averaging the densities found in the pure stands of the component varieties. This response to genetic diversity appears to be due to a behavioral response during the period of colonization or establishment. The reduction in leafhopper abundance was not clearly reflected in a reduction in the incidence of the corn stunt pathogen transmitted by the leafhopper, probably because of increased leafhopper movement in mixed stands.

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Résumé Deux champs du Nicaragua, très différents quant aux densités moyennes de la cicadelle, Dalbulus maidis, et à la fréquence du nanisme par spiroplasme du maïs, — dont la cicadelle est le vecteur —, ont servi à l'étude de l'influence de l'hétérogénéité génétique sur l'abondance de Dalbulus maidis Delong & Wolcott. La maïs a été semé en parcelles pures d'une seule variété ou en parcelles génétiquement hétérogènes avec mélange de 5 variétés. Dans la zone où D. maidis est très abondant, la densité de la cicadelle était significativement plus faible dans les parcelles hétérogènes que ne le laissaient prévoir les densités moyennes observées dans les parcelles des variétés pures intervenant dans le mélange. Cette réponse à l'hétérogénéité génétique semble due aux réactions comportementales pendant la période de colonisation ou d'installation. La diminution de l'abondance de D. maidis ne se traduit pas nettement par une réduction de la fréquence du nanisme du maïs, peutêtre par suite d'un accroissement des mouvements de cicadelles dans les parcelles hétérogènes.