我国果园生草栽培研究概况(综述)

本文概述果园生草栽培模式及技术,讨论生草栽培对水土保持、改善果园环境及对土壤理化、微生物性状的影响,分析了生草栽培对果树生长发育及果实产量、品质和经济效益的效应。     

岳西县来榜镇桑园土壤动物群落及其多样性研究

生物多样性保护是当今世界关注的热点 ,土壤是重要的地下生物宝库 ,土壤生物多样性的保护应予以足够重视。对土壤动物群落的研究 ,目前已有不少报道[3 ] ,但对桑园土壤动物群落及其多样性研究仍属空白。本项工作是在 1999年 1～ 9月对皖西大别山腹地岳西县来榜镇桑园土壤动物调查的基础上 ,探讨桑园这种特殊农业生态类型土壤动物群落多样性特征 ,为进一步提高桑园生产力提供科学依据 ,也为土壤生物多样性保护提供基础资料。1　研究地与方法1 1　研究地自然概况岳西县深处皖西大别山腹地 ,Ｅ115°5 5′～ 116°33′ ,Ｎ31°11′～ 30°39′ ,…     

Citrus orchard evapotranspiration: Comparison between eddy covariance measurements and the FAO-56 approach estimates

Abstract

The aim of this study was to use the FAO-56 single and dual crop coefficient approaches to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) over an irrigated citrus orchard under drip and flood irrigations in Marrakech, Morocco. The results showed that, by using crop coefficients suggested in the FAO-56 paper, the performance of both approaches was poor for two irrigation treatments. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) between measured and simulated ET_a values over the citrus orchard under drip irrigation was about 1.43 and 1.27 mm/day for the single and dual approaches, respectively, while the corresponding statistics for the orchard irrigated by the flooding technique was 1.87 and 2.48 mm/day. After determination of the appropriate values of the crop coefficient (K_c) based on eddy covariance measurements of ET_a, the performance of both approaches greatly improved. The obtained K_c values were lower than the FAO-56 values by about 20%. The low K_c values obtained reflect the practice of drip irrigation for one field and the low value of cover fraction for the other field. Additionally, the efficiency of the irrigation practices was investigated by comparing the measured K_c for two fields. The results showed that a considerable amount of water was lost by direct soil evaporation from the citrus orchard irrigated by flooding technique.     

Identification of two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains with high suppression to the key fruit pathogens of Chinese jujube

Two bacterial strains (ZJ01 and ZJ02) isolated from the phyllosphere of Chinese jujube were tested for antifungal activities and morphological mechanisms against Phoma destructiva, Alternaria alternata and Fusicoccum spp., three key pathogens of jujube fruits. Based on their physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequences, both strains were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The disease incidence of jujube fruits sprayed with the fermentation liquor of ZJ01 and ZJ02 on the puncture wounds before inoculation with the spores of those three key pathogenic fungi was 10% or 66.7%, significantly lower than that of Nutrient Broth medium treatment (100%). These results suggest that strains ZJ01 may be a potential biological control agent for Chinese jujube fruit diseases. The antagonistic bacteria could cause five kinds of hyphal alterations of the causal agents, the maximum number ever observed. Of them, hyphal swelling and excessive branching were the dominant phenomenon, the other three varied with the pathogens. The diverse morphological malformation might be helpful to understand the broad antifungal activity of Bacillus spp..     

Chemical composition of volatiles emitted by Ziziphus jujuba during different growth stages

The volatiles emitted in vivo by different organs (leaf, bud flower, flower, green and red fruits) of Ziziphus jujuba were analysed using HS-SPME-GC/MS. A total of 144 compounds were identified corresponding to 94.6–99.4% of the whole aroma profile of jujube samples. The main constituents detected were (E, E)-α-farnesene, (E)-β-ocimene, perillene, γ-terpinene, cis-sabinene-hydrate, trans-sabinene-hydrate and 4-terpineol. The SPME analyses of the collected samples showed different patterns of emission and can contribute to understand their ecological interactions and fruit production management.     

聚丙烯酰胺对坡地苹果园水土流失和土壤养分流失的影响

为了改善坡地苹果园的土壤环境,遏制水土流失和土壤养分流失,探寻聚丙烯酰胺适宜的干撒施用量,2010—2012年在陕北丘陵沟壑区的坡地苹果园,以不施聚丙烯酰胺为对照,分别撒施0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4和1.6 g·m^-2的聚丙烯酰胺,监测果园地表产流、土壤流失、养分流失和苹果植株生长状况.结果表明: 坡地果园的径流量和5—7月的产流次数均随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加呈“V”型变化,其中撒施量为1.0 g·m^-2时最低,但果园侵蚀泥沙量则随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加而降低.地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中的铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的浓度均随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加而降低;聚丙烯酰胺可显著降低地表径流中的硝态氮含量,对侵蚀泥沙中的硝态氮含量则无显著影响;侵蚀泥沙中的有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加而降低.聚丙烯酰胺提高了苹果单果质量及产量,但对苹果植株生长及果实风味品质无显著影响.聚丙烯酰胺在坡地苹果园中的适宜撒施量应为1.0 g·m^-2.     

绿盲蝽为害对枣树叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】探讨绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)为害对枣树叶片光合作用的影响及其机制。【方法】以一年生冬枣Zizyphus jujuba cv.Dongzao和酸枣Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa树叶片为试材,测定了绿盲蝽为害1,3,5和7 d时枣树叶片光合速率、气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量的变化。【结果】绿盲蝽为害3,5和7 d时冬枣叶片的净光合速率(net photosynthesis rate,Pn)较对照分别降低了55.83%,55.42%和59.61%;而酸枣叶片净光合速率仅在5和7 d时较对照分别降低了26.66%和27.34%。冬枣叶片的气孔导度被绿盲蝽为害3,5和7 d时较对照明显降低。冬枣叶片光合速率的下降与气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)和总叶绿素含量的下降呈显著正相关,而酸枣叶片光合速率的下降仅与叶绿素含量显著正相关。绿盲蝽为害后冬枣和酸枣叶片的快速荧光诱导曲线受到显著影响。冬枣叶片的最大光化学效率(maximum photochemical efficiency,Fv/Fm)在绿盲蝽为害不同时间时相对于对照明显降低,而酸枣叶片没有受到明显的影响。绿盲蝽为害不同时间对冬枣和酸枣叶片的光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体(oxygen-evolving complex,OEC)以及光反应活性中心均造成了伤害,但酸枣受到的伤害程度明显低于冬枣。绿盲蝽为害5和7 d后冬枣叶片的光系统Ⅱ的电子传递活性降低,而酸枣叶片光系统Ⅱ的电子传递活性没有受到显著影响。绿盲蝽为害导致冬枣和酸枣叶片的电子传递的量子产额较对照明显降低,酸枣叶片中的降低幅度低于冬枣。【结论】绿盲蝽为害造成枣树叶片净光合速率明显降低,不同品种存在明显差异,冬枣叶片Pn降低程度明显高于酸枣。绿盲蝽为害后枣树叶片净光合速率的下降与叶绿素含量降低呈显著正相关。绿盲蝽为害影响了枣树叶片PSⅡ的结构和功能,导致供体侧的OEC受到伤害,光合作用PSⅡ反应中心失活,PSⅡ反应中心关闭程度增加,电子传递活性受到了抑制,其中酸枣叶片PSⅡ受到的影响明显低于冬枣叶片。     

黄土高原雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统下山地果园土壤水分时空变异特征

水资源短缺是影响黄土高原雨养农业发展的关键性因素,雨水资源开发是缓解该地区水资源短缺的有效措施.本研究利用管式 TDR 系统监测21年红富士老果园0～300 cm土层土壤含水率变化,分析了雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统下黄土高原旱作山地果园土壤水分时空分布特征.结果表明: RWCI系统能够显著增加果园土壤含水率,特别是40～80 cm土层(土壤含水率低值区)土壤含水率,在该区域,不同设计深度(40、60和80 cm)RWCI处理(RWCI₄₀、RWCI₆₀和RWCI₈₀)年均土壤含水率分别较鱼鳞坑(CK)处理提高75.3%、85.4%和62.4%,分别较裸露坡地(BS)处理提高39.2%、47.2%和29.1%.RWCI₄₀、RWCI₆₀和RWCI₈₀处理土壤水分入渗最大深度分别为80、120和180 cm,显著深于CK处理(60 cm),其中土壤水分变化幅度最大的土层分别主要发生在0～60、0～100和0～120 cm.在果树整个生育期内,RWCI处理土壤平均含水率(0～300 cm)以RWCI₈₀处理最大,其次是RWCI₄₀和RWCI₆₀处理.总体来看,RWCI系统是黄土高原实现雨水资源化和农业高效用水的有效措施.     

马尾松不同改良水平子代群体遗传多样性研究

该研究以马尾松三个不同改良水平的良种生产群体子代为材料,用天然群体作为对照,采用16对SSR引物对试验群体进行遗传多样性分析,并探究遗传改良对马尾松林分遗传多样性的影响。结果表明:马尾松天然群体、母树林子代、1代种子园子代及1.5代种子园子代的Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.53、0.53、0.53、0.46;观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.36、0.36、0.39、0.35;期望杂合度(He)分别为0.32、0.32、0.33、0.27。在这三项主要遗传多样性指标上,马尾松母树林、1代种子园及1.5代种子园的子代之间无显著差异。由此说明,在广西马尾松的遗传改良进程中,遗传多样性并未因改良选择而受到明显的影响。良种人工林与天然林相比较,马尾松良种人工林在三项主要指标上无明显下降,说明广西三类主要的良种群体都具有较好的群体缓冲能力和个体缓冲能力。该研究结果对于科学制定马尾松育种策略具有重要意义,为马尾松高世代育种研究提供了重要的理论依据。