Quantification and analysis of reverse mutations at the hgprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells

We describe an assay for the quantification of reverse mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells utilizing the selective agent L-azaserine (AS). Conditions are defined in terms of optimal AS concentration, cell density, and phenotypic expression time. After treatment, replicate cultures of 10⁶ cells are allowed a 48-h phenotypic expression time in 100-mm plates. AS (10 μM) is then added directly to the growing culture and AS-resistant (AS^r) cells form visible colonies. This assay is used to quantify ICR-191-, ICR-170-, and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced reversion of independently isolated HGPRT^? clones. The AS^r phenotype is characterized both physiologically and biochemically. All AS^r clones isolated are stably resistant to AS and aminopterin but sensitive to 6-thioguanine. They also have re-expressed HGPRT enzyme. In addition, several revertants are shown to contain altered HGPRT. The data provide further evidence that ICR-191 and ICR-170 cause structural gene mutations in mammalian cells and also suggest that ICR-191, ICR-170, and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea induce similar types of mutations in Chinese hamster ovary cells.     

Genetic analysis of transpositions in the lac region of Escherichia coli

The lac region of Escherichia coli, carried on an F′ lacproB episome, was used as a target for the transposition of several transposable elements. Tn9 shows a preferential integration (by a factor of 50) into a region extending from the end of the Z gene through the Y gene. Throughout the remainder of the lacI, Z and Y genes one other short region, located in the middle of the I gene, is favored for integration. Within these favored regions many different integration points are evident. Inspection of the DNA sequence for the I and Y genes, and parts of the Z gene, shows a strong correlation between A + T richness and regions of preferential integration. Tn5 insertions follow a similar pattern, although with less preference; whereas Tn10 insertions (provided by T. J. Foster), also favor the Y gene and the end of Z, but are distributed among fewer integration points. Most of the Tn3 insertions into the episome are accompanied by a nearby or adjacent deletion.     

潮虫消耗木本植物凋落物的可选择性试验

近年来,越来越多的学者关注外来植物入侵对土壤生态功能的影响效应及其相应反馈机制的探索与研究,然而本地原生土壤生物群落对不同入侵程度下的外来植物种以及本地原生植物种之间是否存在消耗差异却尚不明了.通过等足目潮虫的选择性喂养试验来测试10个本地种、5个非入侵性外来种和5个强入侵性外来种之间的适口性差异,试图求证外来植物的入侵性是否与植物落叶被消耗率呈现必然联系.数据分析结果显示潮虫对本地种、非入侵性外来种和入侵性外来种的消耗并无显著差异;而潮虫对不同生活型下木本植物的取食却存在显著差异,即灌木消耗率显著高于乔木.其次,通过植物初始性状指标(包括木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、碳、氮含量)与相应消耗率的相关比较,消耗量总体上与植物凋落物的氮含量呈正相关关系(R2 =0.358).由此,研究结论强调植物落叶的降解速率并不一定与植物入侵性或入侵阶段呈绝对相互关连,但是氮含量,抑或各种形式的植物氮元素成分都可能在一定程度上参与并影响着外来植物的入侵进程.     

我国北方稻区1991年稻飞虱大发生虫源形成

北方稻区在一般年份只有少量稻飞虱（褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens,白背飞虱Sogatella fercifera)迁入,而与虫源区相隔千余公里的沿渤海湾稻区却在1991年稻飞虱暴发成灾,通过分析1991年各地稻飞虱主要迁入峰期的天气学背景和低空急流的时空分布及我国东部稻作区各地虫源的对应关系,表明大尺度低空急流的时空动态与南方（江岭区）大发生虫源的迁出期（区）相吻合的程度及维持时间乃北方稻虱大发生虫源得以形成的关键因子和暴发成灾的触发机制,其北上前缘左侧的暴雨区即远迁种群的集中降虫区,是否存在与南方大发生虫源时空同步且贯通南北的大尺度低空急流及其前缘的暴雨区可作为北方稻虱暴发的预警指标。     

起始生物量比对3种海洋微藻种间竞争的影响

为深入了解饵料微藻与赤潮微藻间的种间竞争关系,通过微藻共培养的方法,研究了起始生物量比(1:4、1:1和4:1)对3种海洋微藻(塔玛亚历山大藻、蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻)两两之间种间竞争的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨。结果表明:①3种海洋微藻表现出种间竞争的相互抑制效应;②在与塔玛亚历山大藻(简称A)的种间竞争中,蛋白核小球藻(简称C)和湛江等鞭金藻(简称I)均在竞争中占优势,蛋白核小球藻随自身起始生物量比的提高,其竞争优势越加明显,湛江等鞭金藻在A:I=1:1时竞争优势最为明显;在蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻的种间竞争中,当C:I=1:4时,湛江等鞭金藻在竞争中占优势,C:I=1:1时,初期湛江等鞭金藻占竞争优势,随蛋白核小球藻的迅速生长,后期蛋白核小球藻占竞争优势,C:I=4:1时,蛋白核小球藻占绝对竞争优势;③由种间竞争抑制参数比较得出:3种微藻的种间竞争强弱依次为蛋白核小球藻>湛江等鞭金藻>塔玛亚历山大藻。蛋白核小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻在起始比例C:I=1:1时,可共培养利用,在海产经济动物育苗中可对其进行适时采收投喂;两种饵料藻对塔玛亚历山大藻具有明显的抑制作用,可为开发利用饵料藻进行赤潮生物防控提供一定的科学依据。     

暗针叶林下华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）对岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群动态的影响

通过不同华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）环境中岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群生命表及存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群动态趋势,并根据野外取样分析华西箭竹对岷江冷杉幼龄植株生物量分配的影响。结果表明：在暗针叶林下,岷江冷杉幼龄植株总的种群结构呈明显的金字塔型,存活曲线DeeveyⅢ型,幼苗个体丰富,死亡率高,进入小树阶段后有较高的生命期望。小密度华西箭竹增大了岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树的死亡率,该环境下的岷江冷杉幼龄植株种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,而无竹环境为DeeveyⅢ型。大密度华西箭竹环境中岷江冷杉小幼苗叶重比显著增大,异速生长显著增高。过于密集的华西箭竹严重抑制了岷江冷杉幼苗的定居,而小密度华西箭竹的存在对岷江冷杉的更新并非完全不利。     

重金属递进胁迫对黑麦草初期生长的影响

通过研究Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺与Pb²⁺胁迫对黑麦草初期生长的影响,结果表明：4种重金属对种子发芽率抑制效应相对较小,尤其Cu²⁺与Zn²⁺的抑制作用最小。高浓度Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺胁迫对株高、根系长度、地上生物量的抑制作用相对较大,尤其Cu²⁺对根系生长的抑制效应最大,在300 mg·L^-1下,与对照相比,根长最高下降了 85.48%。高浓度Cd²⁺胁迫显著降低了叶绿素含量,在300 mg·L^-1时比对照降低了45.51%;与对照相比,Cu²⁺与Zn²⁺所有处理都增加了叶绿素含量。从递进胁迫进程看,一些重金属对某一生长指标的影响往往表现在低浓度具有促进作用,而高浓度又存在明显的抑制效应。     

Teleconnection between the early immigration of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens St?l) and ENSO indices: implication for its medium- and long-term forecast

Teleconnection between the early immigration of brown planthopper (BPH) and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices from January of two years previously to the current June was investigated to make long-term forecast. The teleconnection results were as follows: ENSO indices which were significantly correlated with the early immigration of BPH were primarily sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in N3, N4 and N3.4 regions, accounting for 71.8% of the total. Significant ENSO indices from two years and one year before the immigration events had a proportion of about 84%, while those in the current year only accounted for 16.7%. There was significantly negative correlation between the early immigration of BPH and SSTA in each Nino region from two years before to the previous spring, whereas there was significantly positive correlation between these two factors during the period from the previous winter to the current spring. The significant correlation between the early immigration of BPH and SSTA in each Nino region in the last summer and autumn did not show any obvious tendencies. The relationship between the southern oscillation index (SOI) and the early immigration of BPH was opposite to that between the immigration and SSTA in each Nino region. The above mentioned significant ENSO indices were used as key factors to build forecasting models for the early immigration of BPH by step-wise multiple linear regression analysis. Finally, 12 integrated forecasting models were obtained, which could make predictions 3–27 months ahead and had a predictive accuracy of 88.9%.     

滇东南地区白背飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地与降落机制

【目的】滇东南地区位置特殊,地形复杂,是白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)迁入云南的重要通道之一,早期迁入种群虫源及其降落机制的阐述将为白背飞虱的异地预测提供理论依据。【方法】(1)用HYSPLIT对滇东南地区富宁、麻栗坡、丘北和广南4个站点2008—2012年4—5月白背飞虱迁入高峰日做轨迹分析以阐明其虫源区分布。(2)用Gr ADS分析NCEP的再分析格点数据以形成各迁入峰期的风温场,阐释迁入峰得以形成的气象背景和降落机制。【结果】(1)滇东南白背飞虱早期迁入种群虫源地主要分布在越南和老挝北部,部分来自于缅甸中北部及掸邦高原、泰国北部、滇西和滇西南。其中,4月份以缅甸和金三角为主,5月份则主要来自越南和老挝北部。(2)影响白背飞虱降落的因子中,风切变、低温屏障、降雨和下沉气流分别占75.9%、56.5%、31.8%和25.2%。【结论】滇东南白背飞虱早期迁入虫源主要来自中南半岛,风切变、低温屏障、降雨和下沉气流四者共同作用形成了白背飞虱在滇东南的频繁迁入。