地衣型真菌石果衣(疣孢菌科，子囊菌门)次级代谢产物的多样性

地衣能够产生大量的新型次级代谢产物,但以往对石果衣Endocarpon pusillum的研究中未能检测出任何次级代谢产物。然而,对其共生菌进行基因组测序发现其中含有14个沉默的PKS基因和2个沉默的NRPS基因。在此研究中,为激活其途径,使用了优化马铃薯培养基和大米培养基对石果衣共生真菌进行了培养。从优化马铃薯培养物中分离得到9个次级代谢产物,包括2个新的异吲哚-1-酮类化合物(1, 2)。而从大米培养物中分离到3个已知化合物和1个新的萘醌类化合物(9)。通过核磁共振和质谱数据确定了新化合物的结构。研究结果表明,大量地衣中未能检测出任何次级代谢产物,或仅能检测出少量次级代谢产物,可能与其基因组中的沉默基因有关。因此,通过对沉默基因的激活方法为地衣次级代谢产物资源的研究与开发开辟了有效途径。     

The Gilded Age and Working-Class Industrial Communities

In the United States, industrial management techniques shifted from strong paternalistic controls to absentee forms of ownership in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Tracing the change of industrial management techniques in a mill community that survived through the Gilded Age shows the impact of industrialization on consumerism and health in working-class households. Initial examination of the archaeological record shows that the domestic material world of workers' households became similar to each other while consumer goods increased significantly. We suggest that with the transition of management techniques from minimal paternalism to absenteeism, a trend developed toward homogenization of some everyday material culture. However, living in a marginal geography promoted a countertrend among workers and their families, and alternatives to market-oriented consumption allowed for "insurgent" forms of citizenship. Understanding the historical consequences of industry for workers and their families is relevant for understanding the situation of marginalized labor today.     

鹤望兰组织培养与工厂化快繁程序的研究

将材料接种于诱导愈伤组织手芽的培养基上,培养２个月后,胚芽外植体下出现白色颗粒状的愈伤组织,４个月后愈伤组织上出现小芽丛。将小芽丛转入不加植物激素的ＭＳ培养基上,芽的生长加快,２个月左右可长成３－６ｃｍ高的丛小植株。将小植株切下,插入根培养基中,一般３５ｄ左右基部突出很小的白色根尖。     

生物多样性保护背景下云南省野生食用菌产业可持续发展探讨

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》要求坚持生物多样性保护和可持续维持机制的原则,探寻“人与自然和谐共生”美好愿景的实现路径。云南拥有全国乃至全球都极为丰富的野生食用菌资源,形成了独特的“菌文化”。然而,随着天然菌类产品越来越受欢迎,野生食用菌的采集销售量大增、产值高涨,背后潜藏野生食用菌数量锐减,部分野生食用菌类群处于濒危、易危的境地。该研究在调查云南野生食用菌资源保护利用现状的基础上,梳理了国家和地方的相关法律法规及政策文件。人们的生态保护意识薄弱、无序采集、乱采、滥采等因素都危及野生食用菌资源的生存和发展; 与此同时,相关产业标准的缺失也极大阻碍了云南野生食用菌产业的发展。鉴于此,该文提出以下三点建议:(1)加快野生食用菌资源保护与发展的专门立法,不能停留在目前碎片化或者混同化的立法状态,也不能只满足于本地的政策性保护。(2)构建野生食用菌采集、销售(包括国际贸易)、加工、运输等标准体系,对野生食用菌进行分类分级精准保护,尤其对采集国家保护类群应当逐步建立起采集许可证体系。(3)强化全产业链技术支撑,推进野生食用菌种质保藏、人工培育、精深加工等科技体系建设。期望该研究有助于野生食用菌的采集、加工和流通有标准可依,资源的保护利用有政策可查,并为野生食用菌的保护、利用和产业可持续发展提供支撑和保障。     

天山北坡区域生态承载力与可持续发展——以阜康市为例

应用生态足迹法剖析位于天山北坡的新疆阜康市近20多年来承载力变化及对可持续发展的影响,结果表明:20世纪90年代以来市场对煤炭等本地优势资源需求和重新配置加速了本区域快速工业化进程,工业化的结果引导了能源消费迅速增加和城市化发展,生物资源消费快速增加,生态消费足迹逐年显著增加.20多年来,林地人均承载力提高而草地和农耕地人均承载力下降,土地总承载力略有下降.在工业迅速发展、城市化的带动和刺激下,能源和草地消费足迹急剧增加,生态由赢余转为赤字并呈现出赤字快速增加的趋势.草地需求旺盛导致了草地掠夺经营的现状愈演愈烈,生态风险逐渐向草地倾斜,已构成该区域可持续发展的最大障碍因素.天山北坡草地承载和可持续发展与牧业落后生产方式紧密联系,也与人们的认识观念有关,实现草地生态的逆转需要全社会的关注和支持.     

白藜芦醇的研究进展

白藜芦醇是一种含有芪类结构的非黄酮类多酚化合物.它不仅是植物遭受胁迫时产生的一种能提高植物抵抗病原性攻击和环境恶化的植物抗毒素,还具有抗癌,抗氧化、调节血脂,影响寿命等多方面有益于人类健康的重要功能.以下对白藜芦醇的理化特性、合成、提取、纯化与检测方法进行了全面总结,并在其作用的分子机制基础上,对其生物学活性、基因工程研究及产业化情况进行了重点介绍.发现在传统育种的基础上,借助于现代生物技术手段,将白藜芦醇的天然活性保健作用应用于保健食品的开发、作物经济附加值的提高具有广阔的前景.它的开发和利用,必将为食品及制药工业新产品的开发提供新的挑战与机遇.     

滁州菊花资源的开发及产业对策

根据对滁州市滁菊资源开发利用条件的分析评价,提出对滁菊资源开发及产业化发展的相关对策。     

Impact of industrialization: comparative study of child health in four sites from medieval and postmedieval England (A.D. 850-1859)

The morbidity and mortality profiles of 831 non-adult skeletons from four contrasting sites in medieval and postmedieval England were compared to assess whether urbanization and later industrialization, had a detrimental effect on the health of the inhabitants. Failure in the population's ability to adapt to these environments should be evident in the higher rates of mortality, retarded growth, higher levels of stress, and a greater prevalence of metabolic and infectious disease in the urban groups. Non-adult skeletons were examined from Raunds Furnells in Northamptonshire, from St. Helen-on-the-Walls and Wharram Percy in Yorkshire, and from Christ Church Spitalfields in London. Results showed that a greater number of older children were being buried at the later medieval sites and that the skeletal growth profiles of the medieval urban and rural children did not differ significantly. A comparison of the growth profiles of St. Helen-on-the-Walls (urban) and Spitalfields (industrial) showed that the Spitalfields children were up to 3 cm shorter than their later medieval counterparts. At Spitalfields, cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasias occurred during the first 6 months of life, and 54% of the non-adults had evidence of metabolic disease. It is argued that differences in the morbidity and mortality of non-adults from urban and rural environments did exist in the past, but that it was industrialization that had the greatest impact on child health. Environmental conditions, urban employment, socioeconomic status, and changes in weaning ages and infant feeding practices contributed to differences in health in rural, urban, and industrial environments.     

农业生物育种技术的发展历程及产业化对策

伴随千百年来自然物种进化与人类科技进步,世界农业育种经历了原始育种、传统育种和分子育种三个时代的跨越。生物育种是生物技术育种的简称,属于从转基因育种3.0版跨入智能设计育种4.0版、集各种前沿技术大成的新一代分子育种技术,其中最具代表性的包括培育革命性和颠覆性新品种的全基因组选择、基因编辑和合成生物技术。回顾了国内外农业转基因和生物育种技术的发展历程,分析了我国生物育种面临的严峻挑战,提出了加快我国生物育种技术创新的产业化对策。     

Ultra-deep sequencing of Hadza hunter-gatherers recovers vanishing gut microbes

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