汉江中下游水文特点与渔业资源状况

通过对汉江中下游水文特点和渔业资源状况的研究,分析了该区域水文与饵料生物、渔业资源的关系。结果表明:汉江中下游中段的水文变化趋势适宜于产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖;由于水文状况,汉江中下游的鱼类生长与繁殖季节晚于长江干流;4—6月的水文状况适宜下游江段饵料生物的生长;汉江中下游的饵料生物丰富,为鱼类的生长与繁殖提供了良好条件;汉江下游主要经济鱼类年龄组成简单,种群中以小型鱼类为主。     

Behavioural plasticity and trophic niche shift: How wintering geese respond to habitat alteration

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Response of maize biomass and soil water fluxes on elevated CO2 and drought—From field experiments to process‐based simulations

The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is known to increase the total aboveground biomass of several C3 crops, whereas C4 crops are reported to be hardly affected when water supply is sufficient. However, a free‐air carbon enrichment (FACE) experiment in Braunschweig, Germany, in 2007 and 2008 resulted in a 25% increased biomass of the C4 crop maize under restricted water conditions and elevated CO₂ (550 ppm). To project future yields of maize under climate change, an accurate representation of the effects of eCO₂ and drought on biomass and soil water conditions is essential. Current crop growth models reveal limitations in simulations of maize biomass under eCO₂ and limited water supply. We use the coupled process‐based hydrological‐plant growth model Catchment Modeling Framework‐Plant growth Modeling Framework to overcome this limitation. We apply the coupled model to the maize‐based FACE experiment in Braunschweig that provides robust data for the investigation of combined CO₂ and drought effects. We approve hypothesis I that CO₂ enrichment has a small direct‐fertilizing effect with regard to the total aboveground biomass of maize and hypothesis II that CO₂ enrichment decreases water stress and leads to higher yields of maize under restricted water conditions. Hypothesis III could partly be approved showing that CO₂ enrichment decreases the transpiration of maize, but does not raise soil moisture, while increasing evaporation. We emphasize the importance of plant‐specific CO₂ response factors derived by use of comprehensive FACE data. By now, only one FACE experiment on maize is accomplished applying different water levels. For the rigorous testing of plant growth models and their applicability in climate change studies, we call for datasets that go beyond single criteria (only yield response) and single effects (only elevated CO₂).     

雨洪调蓄视角下的城市人工湖水量平衡景观设计方法研究

作为水生态基础设施之一的城市人工湖,可以通过自身水量平衡的调节实现雨洪调蓄功能。但是当前城市人工湖规划建设普遍存在水量难以维持的矛盾。在厘清城市人工湖水量平衡基本原理与空间尺度的前提下,借助城市人工湖与自然湖泊水文循环过程的对比研究,构建出人工湖水量平衡过程,进而分析其8项水量平衡要素的影响因子及调控可行性,并从风景园林专业可控的视角,将城市人工湖水文循环过程与景观要素进行耦合,建立起以水量平衡为目标的城市人工湖景观设计导则,通过“空间结构对位”和“物质载体对应”2个设计步骤实现水量调控。以期为城市人工湖水量保持的现实问题提供普适性的规划设计方法体系,拓展水生态基础设施研究领域的范畴,为“海绵城市”的建设提供理论借鉴与实践参考。     

Dispersal and recruitment of fish in an intermittent stream network

Animal movement is an important process connecting habitats in heterogeneous landscapes, and can play a key role in population persistence. Laboratory swim trials were conducted to determine and compare the dispersal capabilities of two native Australian fish, mountain galaxias (Galaxias olidus, Family Galaxiidae) and southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis, Family Nannopercidae) that maintain populations in hydrologically variable and intermittently flowing streams in south‐eastern Australia. These experiments showed that G. olidus had significantly greater swimming endurance under a range of flow velocities. Concurrent field surveys were used to establish whether swimming abilities observed in laboratory studies were consistent with patterns of inferred movement from distribution and abundance patterns observed in the field. Data collected at multiple sites from headwater to lowland reaches along multiple streams revealed substantial temporal changes in the distribution of young‐of‐year (0+) G. olidus, with spawning occurring at upland sites in winter, followed by downstream larval migration and subsequent upstream movement in late spring. Observed spatial and temporal patterns in G. olidus abundances were consistent with a source‐sink population structure, which may be disrupted by prolonged cease‐to‐flow periods during drought years. In contrast, results for N. australis suggested limited dispersal, with restricted local populations that persist at sites with permanent surface water. These field and laboratory findings complement our understanding of the spatial population structure of these two species in intermittent streams, and highlight the importance of understanding the role of dispersal in species conservation and habitat restoration.     

川西亚高山流域水碳平衡研究

森林生态系统的产水量与固碳效益之间存在着一种可交易的平衡关系。基于WaSSI-C水碳耦合模型和趋势分析, 研究了1982-2006年川西杂古脑河上游22个子流域内不同植被类型空间分布对水碳平衡的影响并分析了其水碳耦合关系, 发现: 1)针叶林主导的流域在生长季增加土壤水分入渗的功能明显高于其他植被类型, 但不足以补偿其高蒸散带来的水分消耗, 因而其年平均土壤含水量明显低于高山草甸和混交林类型; 且森林土壤含水量随着森林覆盖率的升高而降低。2) 25年的土壤水分蓄变量的平均值, 高山草甸流域为-44 mm, 混交林为-18 mm, 针叶林为-5 mm, 说明川西亚高山植被的整体维持稳定产水量及其潜力在下降, 其中高山草甸流域下降趋势尤为显著。3)流域产流量和净生态系统生产力具有显著负相关性, 且不同植被组成对固碳和产水效益的转化具有重要影响: 高山草甸主导的子流域具有较高的产水量和较低的固碳能力, 常绿针叶林主导的子流域具有较高固碳能力和较低产水量, 且森林覆盖率越高, 产水量越低。三种植被类型的净生态系统生产力在研究期间均呈现上升趋势, 且高山草甸的上升趋势显著。     

Complementary pathways of dissolved organic carbon removal pathways in clear-water Amazonian ecosystems: photochemical degradation and bacterial uptake

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) photochemical reactions establish important links between DOC and planktonic bacteria. We hypothesize that seasonal changes in DOC quality, related to the flood pulse, drive the effects of light-DOC interactions on uptake by planktonic bacteria uptake in clear-water Amazonian ecosystems. Water samples from two ecosystems (one lake and one stream) were incubated in sunlight during different hydrological periods and were then exposed to bacterial degradation. Photochemical and bacterial degradation were driven by seasonal DOC inputs. Bacterial mineralization was the main degradation pathway of autochthonous DOC in the lake, while allochthonous DOC was more available for photochemical oxidation. We suggest that sunlight enhances the bacterial uptake of refractory DOC but does not alter uptake of labile forms. We also observed a positive relationship between sunlight and bacterial degradation of DOC, instead of competition. We conclude that photochemical reactions and bacteria complementarily degrade the different sources of DOC during the flood pulse in Amazonian clear-water aquatic ecosystems.     

陕北丘陵沟壑区撂荒地自然恢复植被的组成结构与数量分类

采用样带调查与TWINSPAN分类等方法,对陕北丘陵沟壑区延安、安塞和吴旗174个撂荒地样方的物种组成、出现频率与盖度、及群落类型进行了统计与分类.植被组成结构的统计结果表明:该区自然恢复的植被几乎一半是由禾本科、菊科、豆科和蔷薇科的物种组成,北温带、旧世界温带、世界与泛热带分布成分占到总物种数近75%,且以中旱生、中生和旱生的草本类植物为主,具有典型的温带地面芽植物气候特征.植被的数量分类表明:调查样方基本包括了该区自然恢复的主要植被类型,延安、安塞和吴旗的植被在1年生草本群落到多年生蒿禾类草本群落阶段,依次均以猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)、白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemun)等为主要优势物种构成的不同组合的植物群落,且这些物种具有较高的盖度和频度;但在植被演替后期,不同植被带及阴阳坡的演替方向却发生了明显的变化.以延安为代表的森林带,阴坡可形成黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina)、三角槭(Acer buergerianum)、辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)等为优势种的群落,阳坡可形成狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)等为优势种的群落;以安塞为代表的森林草原带,阴坡可形成黄刺玫、紫丁香(Syringa julianae)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)等为优势种的群落,阳坡可形成白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemun)、狼牙刺等为优势种的群落;而以吴旗为代表的草原带,阴阳坡植被分异不明显,为多年生蒿禾类草本群落.这些演替后期的灌乔优势物种均为高位芽植物,在阴坡为中生,在阳坡为旱生、中旱生,虽具有比较高的盖度,但分布仅仅是零散出现,并不是目前黄土丘陵沟壑区的主要植被类型.     

SWAT模型辅助下的生态恢复水文响应——以陇西黄土高原华家岭南河流域为例

生态环境问题受到了日益广泛的关注,生态恢复也在各地蓬勃开展,但生态恢复工程的开展迫切需要相关理论研究的指导.采用假定生态恢复情景的方法,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,利用分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)对陇西黄土高原的典型流域--华家岭南河流域进行了多种生态恢复情景模型的设计,并模拟了不同生态恢复情景下径流和蒸散发的响应情况.得出:在南河流域草地比森林植被涵养水源的作用更强,模拟年均径流深比林地低9.1%,而蒸散发却高2.2%,所以南河流域生态恢复过程中种草是十分必要的.结果同时表明,应用SWAT模型进行流域尺度的生态恢复水文响应研究是可行高效的.     

Effects of increased flooding on riparian vegetation: Field experiments simulating climate change along five European lowland streams

In many parts of the world, the magnitude and frequency of cold‐season precipitation are expected to increase in the near future. This will result in an increased magnitude and duration of winter and spring flooding by rain‐fed streams and rivers. Such climate‐driven increases in flooding are likely to affect riparian plant communities, but future vegetation changes are hard to predict due to current lack of data. To fill this knowledge gap, we experimentally modified the hydrology of five streams across three countries in north‐western Europe during late winter/early spring over a period of 3 years. We assessed the responses in riparian plant species richness, biomass, plant‐available nitrogen and phosphorus and seed deposition to increased flooding depth (+18 cm on average at the lowest positions along the riparian gradient) and prolonged flooding duration (6 weeks on average). After 3 years of increased flooding, there was an overall decline in riparian species richness, while riparian plant biomass increased. Extractable soil nitrogen and phosphorus also increased and are likely to have contributed to the increased biomass. Increased flooding resulted in the arrival of more seeds of additional species to the riparian zone, thereby potentially facilitating the shifts in riparian plant species composition we observed. The results of our concerted experimental effort demonstrate that changes in stream riparian plant communities can occur rapidly following increased winter flooding, leading to strong reductions in plant species diversity.