全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3366篇 |
免费 | 385篇 |
国内免费 | 155篇 |
专业分类
3906篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 23篇 |
2023年 | 37篇 |
2022年 | 66篇 |
2021年 | 62篇 |
2020年 | 108篇 |
2019年 | 120篇 |
2018年 | 145篇 |
2017年 | 122篇 |
2016年 | 124篇 |
2015年 | 108篇 |
2014年 | 149篇 |
2013年 | 338篇 |
2012年 | 143篇 |
2011年 | 148篇 |
2010年 | 119篇 |
2009年 | 166篇 |
2008年 | 150篇 |
2007年 | 191篇 |
2006年 | 176篇 |
2005年 | 168篇 |
2004年 | 146篇 |
2003年 | 142篇 |
2002年 | 131篇 |
2001年 | 83篇 |
2000年 | 62篇 |
1999年 | 58篇 |
1998年 | 73篇 |
1997年 | 73篇 |
1996年 | 39篇 |
1995年 | 53篇 |
1994年 | 51篇 |
1993年 | 39篇 |
1992年 | 41篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 19篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 25篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 30篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有3906条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Mazon H Marcillat O Forest E Vial C 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2004,13(2):476-486
Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes catalyse the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP onto creatine. This reaction plays a very important role in the regulation of intracellular ATP concentrations in excitable tissues. CK isoenzymes are highly resistant to proteases in native conditions. To appreciate localized backbone dynamics, kinetics of amide hydrogen exchange with deuterium was measured by pulse-labeling the dimeric cytosolic muscle CK isoenzyme. Upon exchange, the protein was digested with pepsin, and the deuterium content of the resulting peptides was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). The deuteration kinetics of 47 peptides identified by MS/MS and covering 96% of the CK backbone were analyzed. Four deuteration patterns have been recognized: The less deuterated peptides are located in the saddle-shaped core of CK, whereas most of the highly deuterated peptides are close to the surface and located around the entrance to the active site. Their exchange kinetics are discussed by comparison with the known secondary and tertiary structures of CK with the goal to reveal the conformational dynamics of the protein. Some of the observed dynamic motions may be linked to the conformational changes associated with substrate binding and catalytic mechanism. 相似文献
102.
In the present investigation, steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence with the combination of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic techniques were applied to study the interactions of the well‐known dye rhodamine 6 G (R6G) with the haem protein human myoglobin (Mb). From the analysis of the results it appears that the static type of fluorescence quenching mechanism is primarily involved, due to ground‐state interactions. Although considerable overlapping of fluorescence emission of the dye R6G with the absorption of Mb in the Q‐band region exists, the possibility of occurrences of the excitational singlet–singlet non‐radiative energy transfer process from R6G to Mb appears to be unlikely, according to time‐resolved fluorescence measurements. From the determinations of the thermodynamic parameters, it was apparent that the combined effect of van der Waals' interactions and hydrogen bonding plays a vital role in Mb–R6G interactions. Induced circular dichroism (ICD) studies demonstrate the possibility of interactions between R6G and Mb. The binding constants, number of binding sites and thermodynamic parameters have been computed. From CD measurements it is apparent that the binding of the dye R6G with the haem protein Mb induces negligible conformational changes in the protein and Mb retains its secondary structure and helicity when it interacts with R6G. The present detailed studies on the interactions with Mb should be helpful in further advancement of medical diagnostics and biotechnology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
103.
The Disulfide Bond Arrangement in the Extracellular Domain of the Activin Type II Receptor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wolfgang H. Fischer Jason Greenwald Minkyu Park A. Grey Craig Senyon Choe Wylie Vale 《Journal of Protein Chemistry》1999,18(4):437-446
The initial step in the signaling cascade of the growth factor activin involves its binding to the extracellular domain of the activin type II receptor. This receptor domain contains 10 cysteine residues which are engaged in intramolecular disulfide bonds. To elucidate the structural framework of this domain we have characterized its disulfide-bonding pattern using an extracellular fragment of the receptor which binds activin A with high affinity. By combining proteolysis with mass spectroscopy and chemical sequence analysis, the disulfide connectivity was determined to be as follows: C1–C3, C2–C4, C5–C8, C6–C7, and C9–C10. A similar disulfide arrangement occurs in a family of snake toxins for which the three-dimensional structure is known. 相似文献
104.
Perola E 《Proteins》2006,64(2):422-435
In spite of recent improvements in docking and scoring methods, high false-positive rates remain a common issue in structure-based virtual screening. In this study, the distinctive features of false positives in kinase virtual screens were investigated. A series of retrospective virtual screens on kinase targets was performed on specifically designed test sets, each combining true ligands and experimentally confirmed inactive compounds. A systematic analysis of the docking poses generated for the top-ranking compounds highlighted key aspects differentiating true hits from false positives. The most recurring feature in the poses of false positives was the absence of certain key interactions known to be required for kinase binding. A systematic analysis of 444 crystal structures of ligand-bound kinases showed that at least two hydrogen bonds between the ligand and the backbone protein atoms in the kinase hinge region are present in 90% of the complexes, with very little variability across targets. Closer inspection showed that when the two hydrogen bonds are present, one of three preferred hinge-binding motifs is involved in 96.5% of the cases. Less than 10% of the false positives satisfied these two criteria in the minimized docking poses generated by our standard protocol. Ligand conformational artifacts were also shown to contribute to the occurrence of false positives in a number of cases. Application of this knowledge in the form of docking constraints and post-processing filters provided consistent improvements in virtual screening performance on all systems. The false-positive rates were significantly reduced and the enrichment factors increased by an average of twofold. On the basis of these results, a generalized two-step protocol for virtual screening on kinase targets is suggested. 相似文献
105.
Mutations of surface residues in Anabaena vegetative and heterocyst ferredoxin that affect thermodynamic stability as determined by guanidine hydrochloride denaturation. 下载免费PDF全文
J. K. Hurley M. S. Caffrey J. L. Markley H. Cheng B. Xia Y. K. Chae H. M. Holden G. Tollin 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》1995,4(1):58-64
The stability properties of oxidized wild-type (wt) and site-directed mutants in surface residues of vegetative (Vfd) and heterocyst (Hfd) ferredoxins from Anabaena 7120 have been characterized by guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) denaturation. For Vfd it was found that mutants E95K, E94Q, F65Y, F65W, and T48A are quite similar to wt in stability. E94K is somewhat less stable, whereas E94D, F65A, F65I, R42A, and R42H are substantially less stable than wt. R42H is a substitution found in all Hfds, and NMR comparison of the Anabaena 7120 Vfd and Hfd showed the latter to be much less stable on the basis of hydrogen exchange rates (Chae YK, Abildgaard F, Mooberry ES, Markley JL, 1994, Biochemistry 33:3287-3295); we also find this to be true with respect to Gdn-HCl denaturation. Strikingly, the Hfd mutant H42R is more stable than the wt Hfd by precisely the amount of stability lost in Vfd upon mutating R42 to H (2.0 kcal/mol). On the basis of comparison of the X-ray crystal structures of wt Anabaena Vfd and Hfd, the decreased stabilities of F65A and F65I can be ascribed to increased solvent exposure of interior hydrophobic groups. In the case of Vfd mutants E94K and E94D, the decreased stabilities may result from disruption of a hydrogen bond between the E94 and S47 side chains. The instability of the R42 mutants is also most probably due to decreased hydrogen bonding capabilities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
106.
107.
Dynein light chain (DLC8) is the smallest subunit of the dynein motor complex, which is known to act as a cargo adaptor in intracellular trafficking. The protein exists as a pure dimer at physiological pH and a completely folded monomer below pH 4. Here, we have determined the energy landscape of the dimeric protein using a combination of optical techniques and native-state hydrogen exchange of amide groups, the former giving the global features and the latter yielding the residue level details. The data indicated the presence of intermediates along the equilibrium unfolding transition. The hydrogen exchange data suggested that the molecule has differential stability in its various segments. We deduce from the free energy data that the antiparallel beta-sheets (beta4 and beta5) that form the hydrophobic core of the protein and the alpha2 helix, all of which are highly protected with regard to hydrogen exchange, contribute significantly to the initial step of the protein folding mechanism. Denaturant-dependent hydrogen exchange indicated further that some amides exchange via local fluctuations, whereas there are others which exchange via global unfolding events. Implications of these to cargo adaptability of the dimer are discussed. 相似文献
108.
109.
The agglomeration properties of stereoisomeric 2-phenyl-3-(X-pyridyl)propenoic acids (X=2, 3 or 4) were studied by the PM3 semiempirical quantum chemical method. Calculations revealed that dimers kept together by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions of the carboxylic groups could be built from both stereoisomers irrespective of the position of the nitrogen heteroatom. The dimers of the Z-isomers could also be built through (aromatic)C–H...N hydrogen bonds between the dimer units. The longest agglomerate was the pentamer of the dimers when the nitrogen was in the 2 position. Longer hydrogen-bonded agglomerates than dimers could only be constructed from the E-isomer with the nitrogen in position 4. Here, the trimer of the dimers proved to be the longest hydrogen-bonded entity and similarly to the Z-isomers, the dimer units are kept together by (aromatic)C–H...N intermolecular hydrogen bonds.Figure The helical structure of the pentamer of dimers for the Z-2-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)propenoic acid molecule, when in the initial geometry (aromatic)C(4)–H...N close contact was enforced. 相似文献
110.
Free radical generation by skeletal muscle of adult and old mice: effect of contractile activity 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Vasilaki A Mansouri A Remmen H van der Meulen JH Larkin L Richardson AG McArdle A Faulkner JA Jackson MJ 《Aging cell》2006,5(2):109-117
Oxidative modification of cellular components may contribute to tissue dysfunction during aging. In skeletal muscle, contractile activity increases the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS). The question of whether contraction-induced ROS generation is further increased in skeletal muscle of the elderly is important since this influences recommendations on their exercise participation. Three different approaches were used to examine whether aging influences contraction-induced ROS generation. Hind limb muscles of adult and old mice underwent a 15-min period of isometric contractions and we examined ROS generation by isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria, ROS release into the muscle extracellular fluid using microdialysis techniques, and the muscle glutathione and protein thiol contents. Resting skeletal muscle of old mice compared with adult mice showed increased ROS release from isolated mitochondria, but no changes in the extracellular levels of superoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical activity or muscle glutathione and protein thiol contents. Skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from both adult and old mice after contractile activity showed significant increases in hydrogen peroxide release compared with pre-contraction values. Contractions increased extracellular hydroxyl radical activity in adult and old mice, but had no significant effect on extracellular hydrogen peroxide or nitric oxide in either group. In adult mice only, contractile activity increased the skeletal muscle release of superoxide. A similar decrease in muscle glutathione and protein thiol contents was seen in adult and old mice following contractions. Thus, contractile activity increased skeletal muscle ROS generation in both adult and old mice with no evidence for an age-related exacerbation of ROS generation. 相似文献