强潮区较高纬度移植红树植物秋茄的生理生态特性

以中国红树林引种最北界的乐清湾西门岛海域为研究地点,选择黄零为1.96、1.66和1.35 m 3个高程断面(每个潮水周期平均淹水时间分别为3.18、3.65、4.07 h),研究了1年生和4年生秋茄的生长、叶片的光合色素和保护酶活性、植株可溶性糖含量、游离氨基酸含量、离子含量等指标的变化。结果表明,当滩涂高程为黄零1.66 m以上时,每个潮水周期平均淹水时间低于3.65 h,1年生和4年生秋茄幼苗均可生长;当滩涂高程为低于黄零1.35 m时,每个潮水周期平均淹水时间高于4.07 h,1年生秋茄幼苗仍能正常生长,而4年生秋茄叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素总量、茎叶中的可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及K+/Na+比均显著降低,同时,叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)和茎、叶中Na+含量均快速上升,导致了生长缓慢。总体上说,较大树龄秋茄可生长在高程为黄零1.66 m以上,其原因是植株在每个潮水周期平均淹水时间少于3.65 h时仍能够维持正常的碳氮代谢。     

Sowing and transplantation of Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae) for the establishment of a new population in a seminatural broad-leaved deciduous forest floor

Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae) is a plant whose risk of extinction is increasing in Japan. In this study, we show that there is a significant possibility of establishing an A. ramosa population by sowing seeds or transplanting plants in a seminatural broad-leaved deciduous forest floor. Immediately after seed collection in early June, seeds were sown either in pots that were watered periodically or in a deciduous forest floor where the soil surface was prepared. In the following spring, 30–40% of the seeds germinated. Of the one-year-old plants buried at a depth of 2 cm and two-year-old plants buried at a depth of 2 or 8 cm in the fall, 96% sprouted leaves in the following spring. However, 79% of the one-year-old plants buried at a depth of 8 cm sprouted leaves. In spring, the number of leaves, the widths of individual plants, and the heights of the two-year-old plants were greater than those of the one-year-old plants. The dry weights of one- and two-year-old plants in fall after one spring growing season increased by 1.6–2.3 times and by 2.3–5.1 times, respectively, compared to the dry weight at the time of transplanting. Also, the dry weights of the plants transplanted at a depth of 8 cm were higher than those of plants transplanted at a depth of 2 cm for both one- and two-year-old plants. The results suggest that the growth conditions at a depth of 8 cm are more favorable than those at a depth of 2 cm.     

定植期和定植密度对温室单头切花菊外观品质的影响

定植期和种植密度是影响切花菊外观品质的重要栽培措施.本文以单头切花菊‘神马’（Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Shenma）为材料,研究定植期和密度对温室单头菊外观品质的影响.结果表明,在试验的定植期和密度范围内,随着定植期的延迟、密度的增加,单头菊株高增加,单株叶数、茎直径减小,单株鲜质量降低,花颈长度增加,花朵直径减小,但密度对株高的影响不大.在上海地区非加温温室单头切花菊生产中,以生产A级产品为目标的适宜定植期为8月中旬,适宜种植密度为64株·m^-2;以生产B级产品为目标的适宜定植期为8月中旬至9月初,适宜种植密度为72～80株·m^-2.本研究为建立基于光、温和密度的温室单头切花菊外观品质预测模型提供了参考.     

Prolonging seedling age does not reduce grain yields in machine-transplanted early-season rice under precision sowing

High seed sowing rates have shortened seedling age in conventional machine-transplanted rice, which has become a challenge for intensive rice production in China. This study aimed to test our hypothesis that prolonging seedling age may not lead to reduced yield in machine-transplanted early-season rice under precision sowing. Field experiments were conducted with two cultivars in 2 years to determine the effect of prolonging seedling age on seedling traits, grain yield, and yield attributes in machine-transplanted early-season rice with printed sowing (a new precision sowing method). All tested seedling traits, including height, basal width, leaf and root number, and shoot and root biomass, were significantly increased when seedling age was prolonged from 20 days (a commonly recommended seedling age for conventional machine transplanting) to 30 days. The prolonged seedling age did not significantly affect grain yield, yield components, or biomass production and translocation. These results support our hypothesis and suggest that adopting precision sowing is a feasible way to prolong seedling age of machine-transplanted early-season rice.     

机插配合控释掺混肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

在浙江黄泥田进行两年田间试验,研究了不同栽培与施肥方式结合对水稻产量和成熟期土壤养分、微生物生物量碳、氮以及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响.结果表明: 机插配合控释掺混肥处理的水稻平均产量比手插配合常规化肥处理高16.3%,比直播配合控释掺混肥处理高27.0%,与手插配合控释掺混肥处理无显著差异;与手插配合常规化肥相比,机插配合控释掺混肥处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量分别提高了21.6%、13.6%和41.6%,土壤微生物生物量碳提高了27.1%,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别提高了50.0%、22.2%和46.2%.表明机插配合控释掺混肥技术是一种值得推广的高效水稻轻简栽培方式.     

抗风桐的丛生芽诱导与再生

南海珊瑚岛礁自然植被由于人类干扰和环境变化出现了退化现象,急需进行植被恢复重建。抗风桐作为南海珊瑚岛礁的优势种,在防风固沙以及植被生态恢复等方面发挥着重要作用。该文以抗风桐带腋芽茎段为外植体,研究不同基本培养基、激素对其不定芽增殖和活性炭对生根、移栽的影响,以便建立其种苗快速繁殖和植株再生体系。结果表明:(1) MS基本培养基适合于丛生芽的诱导和增殖,最佳继代培养周期为60 d,最佳的不定芽增殖培养基为MS+2.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA,培养60 d后增殖倍数达5.52;(2)不定芽在MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)IBA培养基中生根率为96.0%,在生根培养基中添加1.6 g·L~(-1)活性炭后其生根率下降至42.4%;(3)以添加活性炭生根培养获得的组培苗进行移栽成活率高达93.9%,而不添加活性炭生根培养的组培苗移栽成活率仅为78.3%。研究结果可为抗风桐种苗的离体快繁和珊瑚岛礁的植被恢复奠定技术基础。     

观音莲的组织培养研究

通过观音莲的茎尖培养获得无菌试管苗,研究了生长调节剂和椰乳(CM)组合对芽增殖的影响,探讨了生长调节剂和多效唑(MET)组合对生根的影响,并对移栽基质进行了筛选。结果表明:观音莲增殖的适合培养基为MS+6-BA 4.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+CM 15%~20%;适合观音莲生根的培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L+MET 0.5 mg/L;最佳的移栽基质为珍珠岩,移栽成活率达100%。     

A New European Marsupial Indicates a Late Cretaceous High-Latitude Transatlantic Dispersal Route

The first record of an undoubted opossum-like marsupial from the Mesozoic of Europe indicates an invasion from North America at the end of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian). The new 66.1 million-year-old marsupial, Maastrichtidelphys meurismeti n. gen., n. sp., represented by a right upper molar, comes from the type Maastrichtian of The Netherlands. The Maastricht marsupial exhibits affinities with earlier (early Maastrichtian) North American herpetotheriids providing definitive evidence of a high-latitude North Atlantic dispersal route between North America and Europe during the latest Cretaceous. Previously, the first major interchange for marsupials was thought to have occurred nearly 10 million years later in the Eocene. The occurrence of this new marsupial in Europe implies that at some time during the latest Cretaceous, sea level and climatic conditions must have been sufficiently favorable to allow for such a high-latitude dispersal. The fragmentary remains of hadrosaurid and theropod dinosaurs, as well as boid snakes from northwestern Europe which have affinities with North American taxa help substantiate assumptions made by the occurrence of the herpetotheriid marsupial in Maastricht.     

基于Cygwin实现生物信息学软件从Unix/Linux向Windows移植

Cygwin可在Windows环境下提供对Unix/Linux环境的模拟与支持,具有较为完善的Unix/Linux工具包和编程环境。利用Cygwin对常用的生物信息学数据分析软件如Sim4、FASTA、Phred/Phrap/RepeatMasker、EMBOSS、HMMER和ClustalW等进行重新编译,发现通过该方式能够获得可在Windows环境下运行的可执行代码,为利用Windows环境优势的同时进行跨平台生物信息学数据分析平台的开发提供重要参考价值。     

Effects of Established Perennial Grasses on Introduction of Native Forbs in California

Prairie restoration is not complete without the establishment of both grasses and forbs. However, if desirable forbs and grasses are seeded simultaneously, control of broadleaf weeds is problematic. If possible, a two‐step process of introducing forbs after establishing grasses would allow use of broadleaf‐specific herbicides at the critical early stages of grass growth. We conducted experiments to investigate methods for introducing forbs into previously restored native perennial grasslands on rural roadsides in the Sacramento Valley of California. In one experiment, we studied the effects of background vegetation (established perennial grasses or tilled ground) on seven native forb species planted from seed. In a second experiment, we evaluated the effects of background vegetation (existing perennial grasses or tilled ground) and container size (36 ml or 105 ml) with excavation technique (excavation by core removal [core] or by creating an impression [dibble]) on the growth of transplants of the native perennial forbs Asclepias fascicularis and Sisyrinchium bellum. The presence of established perennial grasses reduced the growth of seeded forbs, but did not affect transplants, indicating the vulnerability of seedling forbs to interference. When compared to control plots that had been tilled in the autumn, weed canopy cover was significantly lower in the presence of perennial grasses if seeded with forbs, but not in the presence of perennial grasses alone. Both transplanted species grew better in the large container/core treatment than the small container/dibble treatment; however, existing grasses eliminated these positive effects. Asclepias fascicularis performed better when grown in large containers than in small containers, but its growth was not affected by excavation method; S. bellum performed better when planted with the core method than the dibble method of excavation, but container size made no difference. We attribute differences in the responses of the species to interactions between phenological differences and expansive clay soils that naturally de‐compact upon drying.