Boundaries of the wolf and the wild: a conceptual examination of the relationship between rewilding and animal reintroduction

Animal reintroduction and rewilding are two widely appealing and frequently connected forms of ecological restoration. However, the critical assumption that animal reintroduction automatically helps to restore formerly wild places is under‐theorized. To fill this void, we identified three common rewilding elements from the literature—ecological functioning, wilderness experience, and natural autonomy—and screened these against a hypothetical wolf reintroduction to Scotland. Each of the rewilding elements was likely to be positively impacted by a wolf reintroduction. Yet, there is a key conceptual difficulty in that the different rewilding elements do not necessarily enforce each other, and at times may even collide. Thus, a reintroduced species like the wolf may obfuscate the clear‐cut, purified nature category to which rewilding often aspires. As a way forward, we suggest that there is merit in actively engaging with the tensions created by rewilding and reintroductions. A reconceptualisation of the nature–culture spectrum as consisting of multiple layers (e.g. ecological functioning, wilderness experience, and natural autonomy) may help to interpret ecological restoration as a tentative, deliberative, and gradual enterprise. This bears some resemblance to the notion of approaching a landscape like a ‘palimpsest’ (i.e. a text built up of different layers written on top of each other), which may support the reconciliation of conflicting views without necessarily making those disappear. When viewed as feeding into a multilayered nature–culture spectrum, animal reintroduction and rewilding can be promoted as inspiring and essentially non‐controlling forms of ecological restoration and human interaction with nature.     

不同贮藏条件对五味子质量的影响

基于多元活性成分同时测定结合多元统计分析探讨不同贮藏条件对五味子药材质量的影响。采用超快速液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱质谱(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS)同时测定不同贮藏条件(包装材料,贮藏温度)五味子中木脂素(五味子酯乙、五味子醇乙、五味子丙素、五味子乙素、五味子甲素、五味子酯甲、五味子醇甲、五味子酚、戈米辛D、戈米辛J、当归酰基戈米辛H)及有机酸(L-苹果酸、酒石酸、原儿茶酸、奎宁酸)共15种指标成分的含量;根据15种目标成分的含量,用灰色关联度分析和TOPSIS法对不同贮藏五味子进行综合评价。结果表明,15种化合物在一定浓度范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 1;精密度、重复性和稳定性良好;平均加样回收率在96.64%～99.96%之间,RSD均小于5%。灰色关联度分析中r_i的最大差异较小为57.5%,TOPSIS法中C_i值的最大差异较大为81.3%,两种结果均显示S4、S3、S1的综合质量较好,五味子的适宜贮藏条件为以聚乙烯密封袋为外包装存放于阴凉库。所建立的方法准确、可靠,可用于五味子药材内在质量的综合评价,本研究可为五味子适宜储藏条件的优选提供基础资料。     

茶园害虫匮乏期天敌与蚊虫的空间关系

为了充分发挥中性昆虫蚊虫作为天敌的食饵替代物作用,科学地保护和利用自然天敌,2015年和2016年开展了合肥地区白毫早茶园和乌牛早茶园害虫匮乏时期(3—5月)的天敌与蚊虫之间的空间关系研究,运用地学统计学方法求得天敌和蚊虫各自的变程,用灰色关联度方法分析蚊虫与天敌变程的关联度,关联度值越大的天敌在空间上对蚊虫的跟随关系越密切。并分析茶树品种间及年度间天敌位次的变化。8种天敌中,白毫早茶园2015年与蚊虫空间跟随关系密切的前四位天敌是粽管巢蛛、八斑球腹蛛、三突花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;2016年的是粽管巢蛛、茶色新圆蛛、锥腹肖蛸和三突花蟹蛛;两年间前四位天敌有3种相同,但位次不全相同。乌牛早茶园2015年与蚊虫空间跟随关系密切的前四位天敌是八斑球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛、锥腹肖蛸和三突花蟹蛛;2016年的是三突花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛和茶色新圆蛛;两年间前四位天敌中有茶色新圆蛛和三突花蟹蛛2种相同。年度间天敌位次相异率为87.5%,茶树品种间天敌位次相异率为93.75%。按照天敌位次总和及按照天敌与蚊虫空间关系密切指数总和评判,两种茶园2015年和2016年3—5月份与蚊虫空间关系密切的前四位天敌均依次是粽管巢蛛、三突花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和八斑球腹蛛。本文的结果为人为地促进优势种天敌建群,合理保护和利用自然天敌提供科学依据。     

乌牛早茶园蜡蝉类与其8种天敌空间关系的聚块样方方差分析

为了分析在不同聚块大小条件下,天敌对蜡蝉类Fulgoroidea空间上跟随关系的密切程度、聚集原因和聚集范围,为评价蜡蝉类的天敌优势种和确定样方大小提供科学依据,运用聚块样方方差分析法、灰色关联度法、空间聚集强度指数法、种群聚集均数法和ρ指数法对安徽省合肥市乌牛早茶园不同大小聚块条件下的蜡蝉类及其8种天敌进行分析。蜡蝉类与其8种天敌均方差峰值时聚块样方数的关联度分析结果表明:与蜡蝉类空间上跟随关系密切的前三位天敌依次是茶色新圆蛛Neoscona theisi(0.8010)、草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum(0.7617)和三突花蟹蛛Misumenops tricuspidatus(0.7613)。在聚块内基本样方数K为1、2、4、8时,随着聚块内基本样方数的增多,聚集分布格局时的扩散系数C不断增大,均匀和随机格局时扩散系数不断减小。聚块内基本样方数K为1、2、4、8时其相互之间的蜡蝉类及其天敌的空间分布聚集程度差异均不显著。蜡蝉类及其天敌的种群聚集均数λ多数情况均大于2,其聚集是该虫本身原因引起的,并且λ的绝对值随着聚块内基本样方数的增加而不断增大。用蜡蝉类不同大小聚块的ρ指数判断个体群聚集时的最小范围是聚块中有4个基本样方,即本文的16 m~2。为该虫抽样时确定样方大小提供了科学依据。聚块样方方差分析法是分析害虫与天敌空间关系的一种简便而又实用的方法。     

Loss of the gene for the alpha subunit of ATP synthase (ATP5A1) from the W chromosome in the African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)

This study describes the results of an analysis using Southern blotting, the polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing which shows that the African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) lacks the W-chromosomal gene for the alpha subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase (ATP5A1W). Additional evidence shows that in other psittacines a fragment of the ATP5A1W gene contains five times as many nonsynonymous nucleotide replacements as the homologous fragment of the Z gene. Therefore, whereas in these other psittacines the corresponding ATP5A1Z protein fragment is highly conserved and varies by only a few, moderately conservative amino acid substitutions, the homologous ATP5A1W fragments contain a considerable number of, sometimes highly nonconservative, amino acid replacements. In one of these species, the ringneck parakeet (Psittacula krameri), the ATP5A1W gene is present in an inactive form because of the presence of a nonsense codon. Other changes, possibly leading to an inactive ATP5A1W gene product, involve the substitution of arginine residues by cysteine in the ATP5A1W protein of the mitred conure (Aratinga mitrata) and the blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna). The data suggest also that although the divergence of the psittacine ATP5A1W and ATP5A1Z genes preceeded the origin of the psittacidae, this divergence occurred independently of a similar process in the myna (Gracula religiosa), the outgroup used in this study. Received: 6 September 2000 / Accepted: 7 March 2001     

Role of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis GA1 in the reduction of grey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea on apple

AIM: Test of Bacillus subtilis strain GA1 for its potential to control grey mould disease of apple caused by Botrytis cinerea. METHODS AND RESULTS: GA1 was first tested for its ability to antagonize in vitro the growth of a wide variety of plant pathogenic fungi responsible for diseases of economical importance. The potential of strain GA1 to reduce post-harvest infection caused by B. cinerea was tested on apples by treating artificially wounded fruits with endospore suspensions. Strain GA1 was very effective at reducing disease incidence during the first 5 days following pathogen inoculation and a 80% protection level was maintained over the next 10 days. Treatment of fruits with an extract of GA1 culture supernatant also exerted a strong preventive effect on the development of grey mould. Further analysis of this extract revealed that strain GA1 produces a wide variety of antifungal lipopeptide isomers from the iturin, fengycin and surfactin families. A strong evidence for the involvement of such compounds in disease reduction arose from the recovery of fengycins from protected fruit sites colonized by bacterial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here demonstrate that, despite unfavourable pH, B. subtilis endospores inoculated on apple pulp can readily germinate allowing significant cell populations to establish and efficient in vivo synthesis of lipopeptides which could be related to grey mould reduction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work enables for the first time to correlate the strong protective effect of a particular B. subtilis strain against grey mould with in situ production of fengycins in infected sites of apple fruits.     

次生栎林蒸腾强度与生态因子的关系

采用多元回归分析和灰色关联分析方法,探讨下蜀次生栎林蒸腾强度与生态因子的相关关系。研究认为用二次工咕次多项式回归方程和指数回归方程拟合更能反映各生态因子在整个生长季中与蒸腾强度关系的性质。影响蒸腾强度的主要生态因子是温度和净辐射;其次是空气相对湿度和土壤热流通量;风速和土壤含水率的影响很小。灰色关联分析与多元回归分析的结论一致。研究结果为进一步阐明次生栎林的结构和功能提供了理论基础。     

Detection of Botrytis cinerea by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Aims: To develop a sensitive, rapid and simple method for detection of Botrytis cinerea based on loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) that would be suitable for use outside a conventional laboratory setting. Methods and Results: A LAMP assay was designed based on the intergenic spacer of the B. cinerea nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The resulting assay was characterized in terms of sensitivity and specificity using DNA extracted from cultures. The assay consistently amplified 65 pg B. cinerea DNA. No cross‐reactivity was observed with a range of other fungal pathogens, with the exception of the closely related species Botrytis pelargonii. Use of a novel real‐time LAMP platform (the OptiGene Genie I) allowed detection of B. cinerea in infected rose petals, with amplification occurring in <15 min. Conclusions: The LAMP assay that was developed is suitable for rapid detection of B. cinerea in infected plant material. Significance and Impact of the Study: The LAMP method combines the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid‐based methods with simplified equipment and a reduced reaction time. These features make the method potentially suitable for on‐site use, where the results of testing could help to inform decisions regarding the storage and processing of commodities affected by B. cinerea, such as cut flowers, fruit and vegetables.     

香菇单孢杂交子代群体灰色关联度和ISSR分析

以香菇Lentinula edodes栽培菌株秋6和K95-1为亲本,通过单孢菌株配对杂交获得21个杂交子,观察杂交子及亲本菌丝体生长情况,进行栽培出菇试验。采用灰色关联度分析法,对9个正常出菇的杂交子从8个性状方面进行综合评价,结果表明,杂交子QK-8和QK-15关联度仅次于亲本秋6,农艺性状和子实体性状表现最好。采用ISSR技术对21个杂交子及亲本进行DNA多态性聚类分析,单孢杂交后代遗传分化十分明显,归于同一类群的杂交子在菌丝生长、子实体形态和农艺性状等方面常表现相似,ISSR分析能为优良杂交子初步筛选提供重要参考。